HUMAN HEREDITY EXAM 3 Flashcards
Oocyte
A female gamete
A cell from which an ovum develops by meiosis.
Sperm
A male gamete
Gonads
Organs where gametes are produced
Testes
Male gonads that produce sperm and sex hormones
Ovaries
Female gonads that produce oocytes and female sex hormones.
Scrotum
A pouch of skin outside the male body that contains the testes;
Provides proper temperature for sperm formation by testes
Seminiferous tubules
Small, tightly coiled tubes inside the testes where sperm are produced
Spermatogenesis
The process of sperm production;
Begins at puberty
Epididymis
A part of the male reproductive system where sperm are stored;
Sperm storage and maturation
Vas deferens
A duct connected to the epididymis, which sperm travels through ;
Transport of sperm from epididymis to urethra
Urethra
A tube that passes from the bladders and opens to the outside.
It functions in urine transport and, in males, also carries sperm
Bulbourethral gland
Glands in the male that secrete a mucus like substance that provides lubrication for intercourse;
Bulb shaped gland near the urethral gland
Seminal vesicles
Glands in males that secrete fructose and prostaglandins into the semen;
Nutrients
Prostate gland
A gland that secretes a milky,alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidic vaginal secretions and enhances sperm viability.
Semen, semenial fluid ejaculat
Come back
Oviduct
A duct with finger like projections partially surrounding the ovary and connecting to the uterus;
Site of fertilization “Fallopian tubes”
Uterus
A hollow, pear-shaped muscular organ where an early embryo will implant and develop throughout pregnancy;
Nourishment and production of fetus
Endometrium
The inner lining of the uterus that is shed at menstruation if fertilization has not occurred
Cervix
The lower neck of the uterus, opening into the vagina.
Teratogens
Examples
Any physical or chemical agent that brings about an increase kits in congenital malformations. •radiation •viruses •medications •alcohol
First Trimester
First month: basic tissue layers form most of the body is divided into paired segments
Second month: most major organ systems are just formed
Third month: embryo becomes a fetus sexual development is initiated.
Second Trimester
- Increase in size and organ system development.
- Bony parts of skeleton form
- Heartbeat is heard with a stethoscope
- Fetal movement begins
Third Trimester
- rapid growth
* circulatory and respiratory systems mature
SRY
A gene called the second determining region of the Y, located near the end of the short arm of the Y chromosome that plays a major role in causing the undifferentiated gland to develop into a testis;
Testosterone
A steroid hormone produced by the testis; the male sex hormone
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)
A hormone produced by the developing testis that causes the breakdown of the Müllerian(female) ducts in the embryo;
Complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS)
An X-linked genetic trait that causes XY individuals to develop into phenotypic females
Dosage Compensation
A mechanism that regulates the expression of sex- linked genes
Barr Body
A densely staining mass in the somatic nuclei of mammalian females; an inactivated X chromosome tightly coiled
X-inactivation center
A region on the X chromosome where inactivation begins
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
The collection of techniques used to help infertile couples have children
Infertility in women
- Hormone levels
- Ovarian problems
- Oviduct and uterine problems
Infertility in men
- Low sperm count
- Low sperm motility
- Genetics plays a role in male infertility
- No sperm in semen
Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)
Donor sperm is placed into the uterus of an ovulating woman. The sperm swim up the oviduct and fertilize the egg
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
A procedure in which gametes are collected and fertilized in a dish in the laboratory; the resulting zygote is implanted in the uterus for development.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
A treatment to overcome defects in sperm count or mortilility; an egg is fertilized by micro injection of a single sperm
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
An ART procedure in which gametes are collected and placed into a woman’s oviduct for fertilization
Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
An ART procedure in which gametes are collected, fertilization takes place in vitro, and the resulting zygote (fertilized egg) is transferred to a woman’s oviduct
Surrogacy
When another woman carries and gives birth to a baby for a couple who wants to have a child
Test for genetics ?
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
Removal and genetic analysis of a single cell from a 3 to 5 day old embryo; used to select embryos free of genetic disorders for implantation and development
Gametes
Underutilized germ cells
