Human Health & Physiology HL Flashcards
Excretion
removal of the waste products of metabolic pathways from the body
Renal Artery
takes blood to kidney
Renal Vein
takes blood away from kidney
Glomerulus
ultra-filtration
Bowman’s Capsule
receives filtrate from glomerulus
Loop of Henle
reabsorption of water and salts
Collecting duct
reabsorption of urea, salt, water - regulated by ADH
Osmoregulation
control of the water potential of body fluids by the regulation of water and salt content
Functions of a Kidney
Excretion of waste products, water-soluble toxic substances and drugs.
Regulation of the water and salt content of the body.
Retention of substances vital to the body such as protein and glucose.
Maintenance of pH balance.
Active Immunity
resistance to the onset of a disease due to the production of antibodies in the body after stimulation of the immune system by disease antigens; active immunity may occur as a result of exposure to a disease of vaccination
Passive Immunity
resistance to the onset of a disease due to antibodies acquired from another organism in which active immunity has been stimulated
Benefits of vaccination
- prevention of epidemics and decrease in spread of disease
- economic benefits, much cheaper to vaccinate rather than bear healthcare costs of treating the sick
- complete eradication of some diseases e.g. smallpox
- prevention of disability by vaccination
Disadvantages of vaccination
- rare cases of allergic reactions
- perceived risk of ‘overloading’ of immune system
- difficulty of ensuring safe use (in some countries it is hard to keep the vaccines in cool, sterile conditions)
- breach of civil liberties (in some countries vaccinations are compulsory and some parents feel that it should be a matter of personal choice)
Joint
place where two or more bones meet
Function of bones
provide framework that supports the body, protect vital organs e.g. brain, lungs. Blood cells are formed within bones, which contain bone marrow. Bones are also a site of storage of calcium and phosphate
