Human Health And Systems

Question 1

Ingestion eating

Answer 1

Food is taking in by the body

Question 2

Digestion

Answer 2

Food is broken down

Question 3

Absorption

Answer 3

Digested food passes into the bloodstream

Question 4

Assimilation

Answer 4

Using the food in the cells of the body

Question 5

Elimination

Answer 5

Getting rid of undigested food.

Question 6

Digestion

Answer 6

Two types physical and chemcial digestion

Question 7

Physical digestion

Answer 7

Breaking food into smaller pieces using mouth (teeth) stomach(churing)

Question 8

Chemical digestion

Answer 8

Involves using chemicals called enzymes to break down food

Question 9

Enzymes

Answer 9

Are chemicals that speed up reactions without being used up in the reaction

Question 10

Enzymes

Answer 10

Enzymes act on a substrate and breaks it down into a product eg substrate =

Question 11

Plasma

Answer 11

Liquid part of the blood
Pale yellow mostly water
Functions to transport chemicals amd heat
Chemicals useful food hormones
Chemicals waste co2 salts urea
Heat generated from chemical reactions transported around to maintean 37C
Also carries the red blood cells white blood celss ams platelets

Question 12

Red blood cells

Answer 12

Round, flattened discs, curve inward near centre
• Small, no nucleus, formed in bone marrow
• Very numerous – approx 5million per drop blood
• Function : transport oxygen to cells
• Red colour comes from haemoglobin
they contain.
• Haemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs
• It later releases it in other parts - e.g. muscle

Question 13

White blood cells

Answer 13

Larger than Red Blood Cells but fewer in number
• No definite shape – shape can change
• They are also made in the bone marrow
• Function : to fight infection
• Some can surround micro-organisms and destroy them
• Others produce proteins called antibodies
• Antibodies help to destroy micro-organisms such as bacteria

Question 14

Platelets

Answer 14

• Smaller than red or white blood cells
• They are formed in the bone marrow
• They are formed from larger cells breaking down into pieces
• Function: help to form blood clots
• When a blood vessel is injured, platelets help to form a clot
• Clotting prevents loss of blood, and prevents micro- organisms getting in
• Clots are temporary barriers while repair and healing is taking pla

Question 15

Arteries

Answer 15

Carry blood AWAY from the heart
• Flow of blood is strong and at high pressure
• Artery walls are thick and strong to withstand this pressure
• Blood is under pressure – forced to move in one direction
• There is no need for valves in arteries to prevent backwards flow
• All arteries (except pulmonary artery) carry oxygenated blood

Question 16

Veins

Answer 16

Carry blood BACK to the heart
• Flow of blood is weaker and pressure is low
• Vein walls are thinner and weaker than artery walls
• Pressure is low, so there is a danger of backward flow of blood, especially when flow direction is against gravity
• Valves in veins at regular intervals, allow blood to flow forwards, but prevent reverse flow
• All veins (except pulmonary vein) carry deoxygenated blood

Question 17

Capilleries

Answer 17

These are tiny blood vessels
• There are a huge number of them in the body
• Capillaries are found between arteries and veins
• Capillaries have very thin walls which allow materials to pass in and out with the surrounding cells and tissue.

Question 18

Heart

Answer 18

Is an organ about the size of a clenched fist
• Function: pumps blood around the body
• It pumps blood by contracting periodically
• Cardiac muscle provides the contraction
• Unlike regular muscle, cardiac muscle doesn’t tire easily
• Resting heart rate in adults is about 72 bpm(beats per minute)
• In exercise, the heart beats faster, so that the blood can carry chemicals faster around the body e.g. Oxyg

Question 19

Pulse rates

Answer 19

• When the heart contracts, it squeezes blood into the arteries under pressure.
• As blood flows down the arteries, surges of pressure can be felt where the arteries are close to the surface
• Areas where it can be felt are:
– Atthewrist
– Innerarmnearelbowjoint – Atthesidesoftheneck
• A surge of blood felt at these locations is called a pulse
• The pulse rate is at the same pace as the heart r

Question 20

Two blood circuits

Answer 20

The human circulatory system has what is known as Double Circulation
• Blood passes through the heart twice on its journey around the body
• It consists of two circuits:
• 1: Pulmonary Circulation
– Bloodleavestheheart
– goestothelungstobecomeoxygenated – returnstotheheart
• 2: Systemic Circulation
– Bloodleavestheheart
– travelstootherpartsofthebody – returnstotheheart

Question 21

Structure of the heart

Answer 21

The heart is split down the middle into two sides by the septum
• Each side has an upper chamber called an atrium (plural atria)
• Each side also has a lower chamber called a ventricle.
• This makes a total of 4 chambers
• Valves between the upper and lower chambers ensure that blood only flows in one direction

Question 22

Left vs right

Answer 22

Heart diagrams are always shown as if facing the person
• The left side of the heart appears on the right of the diagram, and vice versa
• The left side of the heart always pumps oxygenated blood (shown in red), received from the lungs, and pumps it to the body.
• The right side always pumps deoxygenated blood (shown in blue), received from the body, and pumps it to the lungs

Question 23

Blood vessles of the heart

Answer 23

The vena cava (veins) bring blood from the body into the right atrium.
• The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery, which leads to the lungs.
• The pulmonary vein returns blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
• The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta (an artery) which leads to all other parts of the body.
• Both the pulmonary artery and the aorta have valves at the base to prevent blood flowing back into the heart.

Question 24

Ingredients for energy

Answer 24

We’ve learned in digestion that food is absorbed into our bloodstream and carried around to all the cells in our body!
• The process that releases energy from this food is RESPIRATION.

Question 25

Respiration is the release lf energy from food

Answer 25

The equation for respiration in words is:
• Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energ

Question 26

Aerobic respiration

Answer 26

Aerobic Respiration needs oxygen to release energy from food.

Question 27

Anaerobic repsiration

Answer 27

Anaerobic Respiration does not use oxygen to release energy from food.

Question 28

How does oxygen get to our cells

Answer 28

Oxygen is carried by the haemoglobin in red blood cells to all other cells of the body.

Question 29

Aerobic resporation

Answer 29

Takes place in ALL the living cells in the body as well as in most animal and plant
cells.

Question 30

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 30

Some living things can get energy from food without using oxygen.

Question 31

Rememebrr

Answer 31

Much less energy is released from food by Anaerobic Respiration than by Aerobic Respiration

Question 32

Eg of anaerobic respiration

Answer 32

Yeast converts sugars to alcohol in “Fermentation” – this produces alcohol for drinks such as beers and wine!

Question 33

Experiment

Answer 33

Have you ever noticed what happens when you breathe on glass??
• Yes as you can see from your experiment water vapour forms on it!
• We can make sure this is water by using cobalt chloride paper!

Question 34

Cramp

Answer 34

When you get a cramp whilst exercising it is caused by the acid that your cells produce when they respire anaerobically (without oxygen).
•
the only reason they do this is because your body needs to produce so much energy while you exercise that not enough oxygen reaches the cells on time

Question 35

Carbon dioxide test

Answer 35

Limewater turns cloudy in the presence of Carbon Dioxide.
• What happened when you breathed into limewater??
• What does this tell you??

Question 36

Breathimg system

Answer 36

How we take and deliver oxygen to cells

Question 37

Brwathing

Answer 37

As you can see from the Equation Oxygen and food are the two important things our cells need to give us energy.
• We’ve learned how the food gets to our cells by digestion.
• The oxygen gets to our cells by breathing!

Question 38

Nose and mouth

Answer 38

These are the openings the air can enter through!

Question 39

Pharnyx

Answer 39

This is the scientific name for your throat area.

Question 40

Trachea

Answer 40

This is the tube that leads into your lungs.
• It is very strong and is kept open by Rings of Cartilage.

Question 41

Bronchus

Answer 41

• As we have two lungs our Trachea divides to branch into each one.
• These two branches are called Bronchi.

Question 42

Bronchioles

Answer 42

To spread out through all our lungs the bronchi break up to even smaller little branches called BRONCHIOLES.

Question 43

Alveoli

Answer 43

The final place the air we breathe in goes to in our lung is the ALVEOLI.

Question 44

Alveoli

Answer 44

It is in the Alveoli that Carbon Dioxide is brought into the lungs to be exhaled and oxygen is brought into the body for respiration.
• This is called Gas exchange.

Question 45

Alveolus

Answer 45

In fact this is how they got the name Alveolus from the Greek word meaning “bunch of Grapes”

Question 46

Capillaries

Answer 46

In fact this is how they got the name Alveolus from the Greek word meaning “bunch of Grapes”

Answer 47

Our rib cage is around our lungs to protect them.
• When we take in air the rib cage seems to lift up to give more room for all the air.

Answer 48

This is able to happen because the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES contract between the lungs and the DIAPHRAGM pushes up and down.