Human Health And Systems Flashcards
Ingestion eating
Food is taking in by the body
Digestion
Food is broken down
Absorption
Digested food passes into the bloodstream
Assimilation
Using the food in the cells of the body
Elimination
Getting rid of undigested food.
Digestion
Two types physical and chemcial digestion
Physical digestion
Breaking food into smaller pieces using mouth (teeth) stomach(churing)
Chemical digestion
Involves using chemicals called enzymes to break down food
Enzymes
Are chemicals that speed up reactions without being used up in the reaction
Enzymes
Enzymes act on a substrate and breaks it down into a product eg substrate =
Plasma
Liquid part of the blood
Pale yellow mostly water
Functions to transport chemicals amd heat
Chemicals useful food hormones
Chemicals waste co2 salts urea
Heat generated from chemical reactions transported around to maintean 37C
Also carries the red blood cells white blood celss ams platelets
Red blood cells
Round, flattened discs, curve inward near centre
• Small, no nucleus, formed in bone marrow
• Very numerous – approx 5million per drop blood
• Function : transport oxygen to cells
• Red colour comes from haemoglobin
they contain.
• Haemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs
• It later releases it in other parts - e.g. muscle
White blood cells
Larger than Red Blood Cells but fewer in number
• No definite shape – shape can change
• They are also made in the bone marrow
• Function : to fight infection
• Some can surround micro-organisms and destroy them
• Others produce proteins called antibodies
• Antibodies help to destroy micro-organisms such as bacteria
Platelets
• Smaller than red or white blood cells
• They are formed in the bone marrow
• They are formed from larger cells breaking down into pieces
• Function: help to form blood clots
• When a blood vessel is injured, platelets help to form a clot
• Clotting prevents loss of blood, and prevents micro- organisms getting in
• Clots are temporary barriers while repair and healing is taking pla
Arteries
Carry blood AWAY from the heart
• Flow of blood is strong and at high pressure
• Artery walls are thick and strong to withstand this pressure
• Blood is under pressure – forced to move in one direction
• There is no need for valves in arteries to prevent backwards flow
• All arteries (except pulmonary artery) carry oxygenated blood
Veins
Carry blood BACK to the heart
• Flow of blood is weaker and pressure is low
• Vein walls are thinner and weaker than artery walls
• Pressure is low, so there is a danger of backward flow of blood, especially when flow direction is against gravity
• Valves in veins at regular intervals, allow blood to flow forwards, but prevent reverse flow
• All veins (except pulmonary vein) carry deoxygenated blood
Capilleries
These are tiny blood vessels
• There are a huge number of them in the body
• Capillaries are found between arteries and veins
• Capillaries have very thin walls which allow materials to pass in and out with the surrounding cells and tissue.
Heart
Is an organ about the size of a clenched fist
• Function: pumps blood around the body
• It pumps blood by contracting periodically
• Cardiac muscle provides the contraction
• Unlike regular muscle, cardiac muscle doesn’t tire easily
• Resting heart rate in adults is about 72 bpm(beats per minute)
• In exercise, the heart beats faster, so that the blood can carry chemicals faster around the body e.g. Oxyg
Pulse rates
• When the heart contracts, it squeezes blood into the arteries under pressure.
• As blood flows down the arteries, surges of pressure can be felt where the arteries are close to the surface
• Areas where it can be felt are:
– Atthewrist
– Innerarmnearelbowjoint – Atthesidesoftheneck
• A surge of blood felt at these locations is called a pulse
• The pulse rate is at the same pace as the heart r
Two blood circuits
The human circulatory system has what is known as Double Circulation
• Blood passes through the heart twice on its journey around the body
• It consists of two circuits:
• 1: Pulmonary Circulation
– Bloodleavestheheart
– goestothelungstobecomeoxygenated – returnstotheheart
• 2: Systemic Circulation
– Bloodleavestheheart
– travelstootherpartsofthebody – returnstotheheart
Structure of the heart
The heart is split down the middle into two sides by the septum
• Each side has an upper chamber called an atrium (plural atria)
• Each side also has a lower chamber called a ventricle.
• This makes a total of 4 chambers
• Valves between the upper and lower chambers ensure that blood only flows in one direction
Left vs right
Heart diagrams are always shown as if facing the person
• The left side of the heart appears on the right of the diagram, and vice versa
• The left side of the heart always pumps oxygenated blood (shown in red), received from the lungs, and pumps it to the body.
• The right side always pumps deoxygenated blood (shown in blue), received from the body, and pumps it to the lungs
Blood vessles of the heart
The vena cava (veins) bring blood from the body into the right atrium.
• The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery, which leads to the lungs.
• The pulmonary vein returns blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
• The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta (an artery) which leads to all other parts of the body.
• Both the pulmonary artery and the aorta have valves at the base to prevent blood flowing back into the heart.
Ingredients for energy
We’ve learned in digestion that food is absorbed into our bloodstream and carried around to all the cells in our body!
• The process that releases energy from this food is RESPIRATION.
Respiration is the release lf energy from food
The equation for respiration in words is:
• Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energ
Aerobic respiration
Aerobic Respiration needs oxygen to release energy from food.
Anaerobic repsiration
Anaerobic Respiration does not use oxygen to release energy from food.
How does oxygen get to our cells
Oxygen is carried by the haemoglobin in red blood cells to all other cells of the body.
Aerobic resporation
Takes place in ALL the living cells in the body as well as in most animal and plant
cells.
Anaerobic respiration
Some living things can get energy from food without using oxygen.
Rememebrr
Much less energy is released from food by Anaerobic Respiration than by Aerobic Respiration
Eg of anaerobic respiration
Yeast converts sugars to alcohol in “Fermentation” – this produces alcohol for drinks such as beers and wine!
Experiment
Have you ever noticed what happens when you breathe on glass??
• Yes as you can see from your experiment water vapour forms on it!
• We can make sure this is water by using cobalt chloride paper!
Cramp
When you get a cramp whilst exercising it is caused by the acid that your cells produce when they respire anaerobically (without oxygen).
•
the only reason they do this is because your body needs to produce so much energy while you exercise that not enough oxygen reaches the cells on time
Carbon dioxide test
Limewater turns cloudy in the presence of Carbon Dioxide.
• What happened when you breathed into limewater??
• What does this tell you??
Breathimg system
How we take and deliver oxygen to cells
Brwathing
As you can see from the Equation Oxygen and food are the two important things our cells need to give us energy.
• We’ve learned how the food gets to our cells by digestion.
• The oxygen gets to our cells by breathing!
Nose and mouth
These are the openings the air can enter through!
Pharnyx
This is the scientific name for your throat area.
Trachea
This is the tube that leads into your lungs.
• It is very strong and is kept open by Rings of Cartilage.
Bronchus
• As we have two lungs our Trachea divides to branch into each one.
• These two branches are called Bronchi.
Bronchioles
To spread out through all our lungs the bronchi break up to even smaller little branches called BRONCHIOLES.
Alveoli
The final place the air we breathe in goes to in our lung is the ALVEOLI.
Alveoli
It is in the Alveoli that Carbon Dioxide is brought into the lungs to be exhaled and oxygen is brought into the body for respiration.
• This is called Gas exchange.
Alveolus
In fact this is how they got the name Alveolus from the Greek word meaning “bunch of Grapes”
Capillaries
In fact this is how they got the name Alveolus from the Greek word meaning “bunch of Grapes”
Our rib cage is around our lungs to protect them.
• When we take in air the rib cage seems to lift up to give more room for all the air.
This is able to happen because the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES contract between the lungs and the DIAPHRAGM pushes up and down.
