Human Growth - Mid-Term Flashcards
A theory that suggests people learn through observations and imitation.
Social Learning Theory
A sperm and an ovum fuse together to form a single cell. What is that cell called?
Zygote
The study of how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression.
Epigenetics
The idea that abilities, personality, and other human characteristics are moldable, and thus can change.
Plasticity
The full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species.
Genome
Symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers.
Couvade
The realization that objects still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard.
Object Permanence
The failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition.
Stunting
A theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motivates, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior.
Psychoanalytic theory
A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time, as their development is repeatedly assessed.
Longitudinal research
An organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.
Genotype
Twins who are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm roughly at the same time.
Dizygotic twins
A biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth.
Head-sparing
The tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition.
Wasting
In development, what includes all enviornmental influences that occur after conception, from the mother’s nutrition while pregnant to the culture of the nation.
Nurture
People born within the same historical period who therefore move through life together, experiencing the same events, new technologies, and cultural shifts at the same ages.
Cohort
A variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics.
Allele
The chemical composition of the molecules that contain the genes, which are the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A situation in which a seemingly healthy infant, usually between 2 and 6 months old, suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while asleep.
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
The process by which extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions.
Synaptic pruning
Any consequence that follows a behavior and makes a person or animal likely to repeat that behavior.
Reinforcement
The science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time.
Science of human development
This includes all the bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea and yeasts that live within the body.
Microbiome
The age at which the fetus can survive outside the mother’s uterus if specialized medical care is available.
Age of viability
This almond sized part of the brain registers positive and negative emotions.
Amygdala
Physical abilities involving large body movements, like walking and jumping.
Gross motor skills
What is the name of the theory that states that our thoughts shape our attitudes beliefs and behaviors.
Cognitive Theory
What is the name of the theory that focuses on the evolution of humanity to explain our impulses and emotions.
Evolutionary Theory
Twins that originate from one zygote that divided after fertilization.
Monozygotic
Which pair of chromosomes determines gender?
The 23rd Pair
A life threatening injury that results when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth.
Shaken Baby Syndrome
How many hours do newborns sleep in a day?
Between 15 to 17 hours
A way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions is called what?
Scientific Method
The influence of the genes that people inherit is called?
Nature
What is a person’s actual appearance and behavior referred to when discussing genes?
Phenotype
What is the percent of genetic code any human person shares with another?
99.5%
What is the primary stress hormone produced by the body that regulates metabolism and immune response?
Cortisol
What is the area at the very front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control?
Prefrontal cortex
An agent that can impair prenatal development is called?
Teratogen
What is the term for a baby with significantly low birthweight?
Small for gestational age (SGA)
A stage of sleep causing flickering eyes behind the lids?
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
What is the learned ability to move a part of the body?
Motor Skill
What is the ability to focus the two eyes to see one image?
Binocular Vision
The processing of sensory information is called?
Perception
A specific prediction that can be tested, and proven or disproved.
Hypothesis
Who developed the cognitive theory?
Jean Piaget
An imaging method used to produce pictures of a fetus (or an internal organ) via high-frequency sound waves.
Ultrasound or sonogram
Consultation and testing by trained experts that enable individuals to learn about their genetic heritage, including harmful conditions that they might pass along to any children they may conceive.
Genetic Counseling
A brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations.
Hypothalamus
A condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. This deprivation can result in several illnesses, sever weight loss, and even death.
Protein-calorie malnutrition
What factors determine the socioeconomic status of a person in society?
Income, occupation, education, and place of residence
What approach considers human development to be an ongoing, ever-changing interaction of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors?
Dynamic-systems approach
The term that refers to two genes from the same pair that differ in some way.
heterozygous
What is the name of the first two weeks of prenatal development, which are marked by rapid cell division and the start of cell differentiation?
Germinal period
What is the name of the great yet temporary increase in dendrites that form in an infant’s brain during the first two years of life?
Transient exuberance
What physical abilities do you have that involve small body movements, especially those involving your hands and fingers?
Fine Motor Skills
Many people feel that they are stronger following the adversity and have more confidence in themselves and their capacities.
Post-traumatic Growth
Accepting responsibility for solving a problem and developing a realistic action plan.
Functional Strategies
Influence of genes we inherit.
Nature
How environmental experiences differ because of particular inherited genes.
Differential Susceptibility
XX sex
Girl
How many chromosomes come from each parent?
23
Fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons.
Axon
One of billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system (CNS).
Neuron
A theory that stresses the potential of all humans, who have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background.
Humanism
In an experiment (particularly within research strategies) what is the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable? Also known as the experimental variable?
Independent Variable
What weight is considered low birth weight?
A body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds
The term where during pregnancy there was a lack of oxygen that, if prolonged, can cause brain damage or death
Anoxia
The learned abilities to move some part of the body, in actions ranging from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid.
Motor Skills
A process that stimulates the body’s immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease.
Immunization
Which condition processes the responses and are linked to particular stimuli?
Behaviorism
Which condition is also known as “instrumental conditioning”?
Operant Conditioning
How many base pairs of chromosomes are there in the DNA code for triplets.
3 Billion
From zygote to newborn the first 2 weeks period is called what?
Germinal Period
Binocular vision typically occurs in infants at what age?
2-4 months
An idea where everything before the age of 3 is forgotten by people is called?
Infant amnesia
Chemical messengers that send signals through neurons?
Neurotransmitters
What is an infant born too early considered?
Premature
The depression women can fall into after child birth.
Postpartum Depression
The perception of body contact.
Sensation
A naturally produced substance used to regulate the body.
Hormones
The process of which the body is maturing.
Maturation
