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Human Growth and Development > Human Growth - Mid-Term > Flashcards

Human Growth - Mid-Term Flashcards

1
Q

A theory that suggests people learn through observations and imitation.

A

Social Learning Theory

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2
Q

A sperm and an ovum fuse together to form a single cell. What is that cell called?

A

Zygote

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3
Q

The study of how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression.

A

Epigenetics

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4
Q

The idea that abilities, personality, and other human characteristics are moldable, and thus can change.

A

Plasticity

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5
Q

The full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species.

A

Genome

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6
Q

Symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers.

A

Couvade

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7
Q

The realization that objects still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard.

A

Object Permanence

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8
Q

The failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition.

A

Stunting

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9
Q

A theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motivates, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior.

A

Psychoanalytic theory

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10
Q

A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time, as their development is repeatedly assessed.

A

Longitudinal research

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11
Q

An organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.

A

Genotype

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12
Q

Twins who are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm roughly at the same time.

A

Dizygotic twins

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13
Q

A biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth.

A

Head-sparing

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14
Q

The tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition.

A

Wasting

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15
Q

In development, what includes all enviornmental influences that occur after conception, from the mother’s nutrition while pregnant to the culture of the nation.

A

Nurture

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16
Q

People born within the same historical period who therefore move through life together, experiencing the same events, new technologies, and cultural shifts at the same ages.

A

Cohort

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17
Q

A variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics.

A

Allele

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18
Q

The chemical composition of the molecules that contain the genes, which are the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins.

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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19
Q

A situation in which a seemingly healthy infant, usually between 2 and 6 months old, suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while asleep.

A

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

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20
Q

The process by which extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions.

A

Synaptic pruning

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21
Q

Any consequence that follows a behavior and makes a person or animal likely to repeat that behavior.

A

Reinforcement

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22
Q

The science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time.

A

Science of human development

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23
Q

This includes all the bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea and yeasts that live within the body.

A

Microbiome

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24
Q

The age at which the fetus can survive outside the mother’s uterus if specialized medical care is available.

A

Age of viability

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25
Q

This almond sized part of the brain registers positive and negative emotions.

A

Amygdala

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26
Q

Physical abilities involving large body movements, like walking and jumping.

A

Gross motor skills

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27
Q

What is the name of the theory that states that our thoughts shape our attitudes beliefs and behaviors.

A

Cognitive Theory

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28
Q

What is the name of the theory that focuses on the evolution of humanity to explain our impulses and emotions.

A

Evolutionary Theory

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29
Q

Twins that originate from one zygote that divided after fertilization.

A

Monozygotic

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30
Q

Which pair of chromosomes determines gender?

A

The 23rd Pair

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31
Q

A life threatening injury that results when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth.

A

Shaken Baby Syndrome

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32
Q

How many hours do newborns sleep in a day?

A

Between 15 to 17 hours

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33
Q

A way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions is called what?

A

Scientific Method

34
Q

The influence of the genes that people inherit is called?

A

Nature

35
Q

What is a person’s actual appearance and behavior referred to when discussing genes?

A

Phenotype

36
Q

What is the percent of genetic code any human person shares with another?

A

99.5%

37
Q

What is the primary stress hormone produced by the body that regulates metabolism and immune response?

A

Cortisol

38
Q

What is the area at the very front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control?

A

Prefrontal cortex

39
Q

An agent that can impair prenatal development is called?

A

Teratogen

40
Q

What is the term for a baby with significantly low birthweight?

A

Small for gestational age (SGA)

41
Q

A stage of sleep causing flickering eyes behind the lids?

A

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

42
Q

What is the learned ability to move a part of the body?

A

Motor Skill

43
Q

What is the ability to focus the two eyes to see one image?

A

Binocular Vision

44
Q

The processing of sensory information is called?

A

Perception

45
Q

A specific prediction that can be tested, and proven or disproved.

A

Hypothesis

46
Q

Who developed the cognitive theory?

A

Jean Piaget

47
Q

An imaging method used to produce pictures of a fetus (or an internal organ) via high-frequency sound waves.

A

Ultrasound or sonogram

48
Q

Consultation and testing by trained experts that enable individuals to learn about their genetic heritage, including harmful conditions that they might pass along to any children they may conceive.

A

Genetic Counseling

49
Q

A brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations.

A

Hypothalamus

50
Q

A condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. This deprivation can result in several illnesses, sever weight loss, and even death.

A

Protein-calorie malnutrition

51
Q

What factors determine the socioeconomic status of a person in society?

A

Income, occupation, education, and place of residence

52
Q

What approach considers human development to be an ongoing, ever-changing interaction of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial factors?

A

Dynamic-systems approach

53
Q

The term that refers to two genes from the same pair that differ in some way.

A

heterozygous

54
Q

What is the name of the first two weeks of prenatal development, which are marked by rapid cell division and the start of cell differentiation?

A

Germinal period

55
Q

What is the name of the great yet temporary increase in dendrites that form in an infant’s brain during the first two years of life?

A

Transient exuberance

56
Q

What physical abilities do you have that involve small body movements, especially those involving your hands and fingers?

A

Fine Motor Skills

57
Q

Many people feel that they are stronger following the adversity and have more confidence in themselves and their capacities.

A

Post-traumatic Growth

58
Q

Accepting responsibility for solving a problem and developing a realistic action plan.

A

Functional Strategies

59
Q

Influence of genes we inherit.

A

Nature

60
Q

How environmental experiences differ because of particular inherited genes.

A

Differential Susceptibility

61
Q

XX sex

A

Girl

62
Q

How many chromosomes come from each parent?

A

23

63
Q

Fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons.

A

Axon

64
Q

One of billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system (CNS).

A

Neuron

65
Q

A theory that stresses the potential of all humans, who have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background.

A

Humanism

66
Q

In an experiment (particularly within research strategies) what is the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable? Also known as the experimental variable?

A

Independent Variable

67
Q

What weight is considered low birth weight?

A

A body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds

68
Q

The term where during pregnancy there was a lack of oxygen that, if prolonged, can cause brain damage or death

A

Anoxia

69
Q

The learned abilities to move some part of the body, in actions ranging from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid.

A

Motor Skills

70
Q

A process that stimulates the body’s immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease.

A

Immunization

71
Q

Which condition processes the responses and are linked to particular stimuli?

A

Behaviorism

72
Q

Which condition is also known as “instrumental conditioning”?

A

Operant Conditioning

73
Q

How many base pairs of chromosomes are there in the DNA code for triplets.

A

3 Billion

74
Q

From zygote to newborn the first 2 weeks period is called what?

A

Germinal Period

75
Q

Binocular vision typically occurs in infants at what age?

A

2-4 months

76
Q

An idea where everything before the age of 3 is forgotten by people is called?

A

Infant amnesia

77
Q

Chemical messengers that send signals through neurons?

A

Neurotransmitters

78
Q

What is an infant born too early considered?

A

Premature

79
Q

The depression women can fall into after child birth.

A

Postpartum Depression

80
Q

The perception of body contact.

A

Sensation

81
Q

A naturally produced substance used to regulate the body.

A

Hormones

82
Q

The process of which the body is maturing.

A

Maturation

Human Growth and Development (2 decks)

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