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Human Growth Final > Human Growth Final > Flashcards

Human Growth Final Flashcards

1
Q

Why are early maturing boys shorter in adulthood than later maturers?

A

They have 2 years shorter of leg and trunk growth in childhood

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2
Q

Weight for late and earlier maturers

A

Earlier maturers are ALWAYS heavier than late maturers. BUT earlier maturers will Have MORE muscle.
BLYS DROP SUBCUTANEOUS FAT FROM EXTREMITIES!

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3
Q

Do earlier maturing boys and girls have sport advantages in high school?

A

NO! Only boys
During high school sports earlier maturers make majority of population. During college sports late maturers bigger proportion

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4
Q

Does intense exercise effect stature?

A

Compared athletes and non-athletes. Athletes had slower growth rates but flaw in this experiment they did not take into account maturity status. Would be better to follow individuals for long period of time and determine when they will mature.

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5
Q

What’s the flow in comparing athletes of different sports?

A

People with certain BLYS types tend to do certain types of sports. Stature does not seem to be effected by type of exercise. Does not effect sexual maturation either

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6
Q

Exercise and bone remodeling

A

Running or other exercises do not make bone longer but areas of bone that experience high levels of forces will tend to remodel to make the bond thicker there.

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7
Q

Does demineralization of bone occur due to exercise?

A

Hard to tell because there are so many other factors that can be causing it.

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8
Q

Type I and II muscle fibers

A

Low forces (endurance) type I. High forces type II that cause muscle to hypertrophy. TRAINED INDIVIDUALS ARE ABLE TO USE FAT FOR ENERGY MORE.

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9
Q

What are the 3 phases of motor development?

A
  1. Reflexive/spontaneous conception-6mo. (REFLEXIVE AND RUDIMENTARY OVERLAP)
  2. Rudimentary (postural, locomotion, reaching and grasping)
  3. Fundamental movement (more intense forms of rudimentary like catching, running, balancing on one foot).
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10
Q

Reflex and extension

When do reflexes develop?

A

Reflex- movement in response to a stimulus
Extension- opening of a joint. (Reflexes are not able to be stopped from activating)
THE STRONGER THE STIMULUS THE STRONGER THE RESPONSE FOR REFLEXES. DEVELOP 7-8 WEEKS!

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11
Q

Voluntary movement

A

The force of will and intention. (REFLEXES ARE LOWEST LEVELS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM WHILE VOLUNTARY ARE HIGHEST LEVELS) voluntary movements get better with practice where reflexes DONT

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12
Q

Spontaneous movements.

When do they develop?

A

Are NOT reflexes they DONT NEED STIMULUS but are not made under the force of will. 9-12 WEEKS DEVELOP!

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13
Q

Primitive vs postural reflexes

A

Primitive disappear by a year while postural stay longer

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14
Q

Trend of reflexes and voluntary movements with age

A

At birth we start with lots of reflexes that disappear over time and start with no voluntary movements. voluntary movements increase with time. Opposite relationship. ARE NOT INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER. Voluntary movements inhibit reflexes.

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15
Q

When does true mobility develop?

A

DOES BOT OCCUR TILL SECOND 6 MONTHS!! And are very simple forms of rolling. No mobility when born. Muscles are mature but nervous system is not.

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16
Q

When do babies develop ability to stand independently?

A

11 MONTHS.

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17
Q

Search reflex

A

Stimulus is stroke to cheek. Muscle turns head toward the side of the cheek that is getting stimulated. BREASTFEEDING.

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18
Q

Sucking reflex

A

Creating a seal and increases volume in mouth by lower jaw and tongue.

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19
Q

Plantar grasp reflex

A

Soft stimulus in foot causes toes to curl inward (primitive reflex that doesn’t disappear)

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20
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Harder stimulus to food that causes the toes to extend outward

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21
Q

Moro reflex

A

If you roll baby onto its back they will extend their limbs outward

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22
Q

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex

A

Connecting neck muscle to upper extremities. Turn head to side and opposite arm elevates

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23
Q

Symmetric tonic

A

As head goes down limbs come in

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24
Q

Quiet period

A

Where reflexes disappear before voluntary movements have developed. Reflexes don’t completely disappear they are suppressed.

25
Q

Pulling up reflex

A

Testing for neck control and upper extremities pulling their weight up. Arms should not extend but shoulders should retract. APPEARS AT 3 MO

26
Q

Labyrinthine postural reflex

A

Keep head align with gravity if body is tilted head will stay verticals to flow and not align with body

27
Q

Head righting postural reflex

A

As you twist body head tried to follow

28
Q

Parachuting postural reflex

A

Extension of the limbs that will break fall. Ex: when you trip and you put hands in front of you

29
Q

Spontaneous movement groups. (3)

A
  1. Legs and feet
  2. Torso
  3. Hands, arms and fingers
    (Legs and feet most common and begin first arm and hands next common and begin second)
    KNOW SPONTANEOUS MOVEMENTS ARE REPETITIVE, NOT REFLEXES, NOT PURPOSEFUL. ARE ELIMINATED END OF FIRST YEAR BECAUSE VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS INCREASE
30
Q

What are the differences between girl and boy earlier maturers?

A

Boys are taller and stronger than late maturers. After late maturers mature they will be taller. Earlier maturers will ALWAYS BE STRONGER AND SHORTER.
Girls will be stronger and taller at first but will get an increase level of estrogen later that will cause them to increase in mass making them slower and less stronger. Let maturers tend to do better on arm hang and shuttle run

31
Q

MAJOR MILESTONES OF DEVELOPMENT (5) and what age

A
  1. Holding head study when moving (3 mo.)
  2. Sits without support (5.5 mo.) slouched over their legs.
  3. Ability to get to sitting position (7mo)
  4. Pulls to standing (7.5 mo)
  5. Stands alone (11 mo)
    REMEMBER HEAD, SITTING, AND STANDING CONTROL
32
Q

When does mature standing and balance occur?

A

7-11 YEARS!!

33
Q

Sway and how do we sense it

A

Unattended motion around any joint. Required sensors in Body to register where the motion and where it is coming from relative to the body

34
Q

Primary system used in infants to detect sway

A

Infants rely primarily on visual cues and vestibular system. The problem with these systems is that they only tell you what the head is doing and not why it’s doing it. This system cannot tell where the motion is occurring. Vision and vestibular cannot account for movements occurring below the neck

35
Q

Limiting factor for sway control

A

Infants have plenty of muscular strength for standing the main limiting factor is the nervous system needing to mature. Percentage of recruiting 3 muscle groups is bigger with age.

36
Q

When does the first sway control appear????

A

6-7 MONTHS. Using sensory signals from the neck to control the spins region of the body.

37
Q

When does falling stop for the illusion trick?

A

3 months after they learn how to independently sit. Once they learn how to Independently stand it takes another 3 months to develop these skills again. Because body goes back to visual dominance

38
Q

Contraction of muscles for sway control

A

Forward swag contracts the backside muscles of the body to keep us from falling forwards. Opposite is true for backwards sway. Co-contraction does not mature until 7-11 yrs of age! Body needs to know how much to contract. Pre pull to stand do not activate 3 muscle groups

39
Q

Sway control contractions

A

Lower limb muscles start to contract before upper limb muscles. Contractions are short and powerful burst and opposite muscles STAY TURNED OFF! No co-contraction occur in adult. These responses happen FASTER THAN VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS BUT SLOWER THAN REFLEXES!

40
Q

Can we accelerate muscle contraction maturation?

A

Through training you an increase percentage of contracting all 3 muscle groups.

41
Q

Rank the sensory systems for sway control. Most important first

A
  1. Somatic sensory 2. Vision 3. Vestibular (when 1 is missing sway increases even in adults because we are use to using all of them)
    (Without vision and somatic children always fall)
42
Q

Why do 4-6 yr olds sway decrease with eyes close?

A

If they don’t have vision they they are forced to use somatic sensory. When vision is available they choose to use vision and ignore somatic sensory. Vision dependency decreases and somatic sensory increases with age.
ALL AGE GROUPS SWAY THE MOST WHEN ONLY DEPENDENT ON VESTIBULAR.

43
Q

When are babies able to stand up straight while changing the center of mass?

A

9-12 MONTHS. Before this when they reach for something they will fall forward. Brain learns these tasks individually.

44
Q

Babies development into locomotion. (8)

A
  1. Extensor and flexor muscles contract
  2. Base of support shrinks
  3. Higher levels of center of mass (higher torque)
  4. Stationary positions
  5. Higher levels of balance
  6. Alternating limbs
  7. Balance on one limb
  8. Coordination skills
45
Q

3 MILESTONES OF LOCOMOTION

A
  1. Rolling from back to stomach (SECOND SIX MONTHS OF BIRTH)
  2. Pre walking progression (some kids skip creeping and crawling) 7 MONTHS. Kids do one or the other
  3. Walking alone -11 MONTHS
46
Q

Adult vs early walking steps

A

Early walkers have short steps, wide base of gate and feet pointed outward.
Adult walking have longer strides, walking is more of a rocking motion from heels to balls of feet

47
Q

Why limits independent walking?

A

Balance. Balance increases with time therefore step length gets bigger and closer to the midline. EARLY WALKERS FO FULL FLAT CONTACT WHEN WALKING ADULT WALKING HAS ROLLING MOTION

48
Q

Double support, width, and length of steps trend over time

A

Double support of feet decreases quickly overtime takes around 3 years to reAch adult walking. Width between steps decreases with age because center of mass balance is improving takes 4 years of walking to accomplish this

49
Q

Acceleration trend of hips

A

Starts to approach zero because their hip is not bouncing up and down but staying still takes 5 YEARS! TAKES 2 YEARS OF WALKING TO SEE ROCKING MOTION OF FEET.

50
Q

Locomotion requirements

A
  1. Balance
  2. Strength
    (Limiting factor stability)
51
Q

Adapting to walking on uneven floors

A

TAKES 4-5 YEARS BECAUSE THEY HAVE TO RECALIBRATE.

TAKES 3 YEARS FOR EARLY WALKERS TO LEARN TO USE HIGHER SENSORY SYSTEMS INSTEAD OF REFLEXES

52
Q

Milestones for grasping

A
  1. Spatial accuracy (4-5 months)
  2. PIcking up a cube without thumb grasping (4-5 months)
  3. Thumb is coming around object for grasping (7 MONTHS)
  4. Thumb and index finger grasping (10-11 months)
53
Q

grasping object location in hand

A

Object moves from ulna side of hand towards thumb

54
Q

Extensor muscles in hands develop when?

A

4-5 months.

55
Q

Negative feedback in reaching develops around?

A

6 months. As we get older we use negative feedback and predictive behavior to reach for objects 7-9 yrs. Negative feedback is slow mechanism that required vision of hand and object. Don’t see complete maturation of reaching to 15 months!!!! First movement is ballistic then negative feedback.

56
Q

First true grasping is….

A

REFLEXIVE. Releasing objects developed after grasping objects.

57
Q

Fundamental movements

A

Developed over experience instead of maturation NO GUARANTEE THAT YOU WILL REACH A MATURW STATE!

58
Q

Coincidence timing cast

A

Timing for skills like catching don’t develop until puberty. GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT OF MOMENTUM.

59
Q

Beginner skill characteristics

A

Skills start with fewest joints as possibles, at slower speeds and smaller sizes.

Human Growth Final (1 decks)

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