Human Growth & Development Flashcards
Jean Piaget Stages of Development
Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operations (7-12), Formal Operations (12-16)
Schema
Jean Piaget- patterns of thought and behavior
Accomodation
modified cognitive schema to incorporate new info
Assimilation
when the individual fits information into existing ideas
Object Permanence
Sensorimotor stage- an object the child can’t see still exists
Centration
Preoperational stage- act of focusing on one aspect of something
Conservation
Concrete operations- the child knows that volume and quantity do not change, just because the appearance of the object changes
Keagan’s Constructive Developmental Model
emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development
- Preconventional Level
- Conventional Level
- Postconventional Level
Kohlberg’s Preconventional Level
behavior governed by consequences
Kohlberg’s Conventional Level
desire to conform to socially acceptable rules
Kohlberg’s postconventional level
self-accepted moral principles guide behavior
Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development for Women
Pointed out that Kohlberg’s research was conducted on males, women have a sense of caring and compassion
Daniel Levinson Four Major Eras
childhood/adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood
Lev Vygotsky- zone of proximal development
refers to the difference in a child’s ability to solve problems on his own and his capacity to solve them with some help from others
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Stages
oral (0-1), anal (1-3), phallic (3-7), latency (7-12), genital (adolescence and adulthood)
Regression
to return to an earlier stage caused by stress
Fixation
the person is unable to move to the next stage
Oedipal/Electra complex
Male/Female competition with same sex parent for opposite sex parent
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs- lower order physiological and safety needs must be fulfilled before self- actualization can occur
William Perry’s Three Stage Theory for adults
Dualism- students view truth as either right or wrong
Relativism- the notion that a perfect answer may not exist
Commitment to relativism- individual is willing to change their opinion based on novel facts and new points of view
Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
trust vs. mistrust (0-1.5) autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1.5-3) initiative versus guilt (3-6) industry vs. inferiority (6-11) identity vs. role confusion (12-18) intimacy vs. isolation (18-35) generativity vs. stagnation (35-60) integrity vs. despair (65+)
Diana Baumrind’s Typology of Parenting Styles
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive passive indulgent
Authoritative
high expectations for the child, but is warm and nurturing. child is given an explanation of the rules
Authoritarian
characterized by bossy parenting
Permissive
very affectionate and wishes to please the child like a friend
