Human Growth & Development

Question 1

Failure to thrive (growth faltering)

Answer 1

infants whose wt, ht, & head circumference are substantially below the age-related norms

Question 2

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Epigenetic Model: Personality Development

Answer 2

Development occurs throughout the life cycle
Normative crises occur at each stage
Adequate resolution necessary for optimal development

Question 3

Erickson’s: Infancy

Answer 3

Crisis: basic trust vs mistrust (dependent on how their needs are met by caregivers)
Strength: hope

Question 4

Erikson’s: Early Childhood

Answer 4

Crisis: Autonomy vs shame & doubt (independence if they’re allowed to explore or shame & self-doubt if they are restricted/ overprotected)
Purpose: Will

Question 5

Erikson’s: Play Age

Answer 5

Crisis: Initiative vs guilt
Strength: Purpose

Question 6

Erikson’s: School Age

Answer 6

Crisis: Industry vs Inferiority
Strength: Competence

Question 7

Erikson’s: Adolescence

Answer 7

Crisis: Identity vs Role confusion
Strength: fidelity (faithfulness)

Question 8

Erikson’s: Young Adulthood

Answer 8

Crisis: Intimacy vs Isolation
Strength: Love

Question 9

Erikson’s: Adulthood

Answer 9

Crisis: Generativity vs Stagnation
Strength: Care

Question 10

Erikson’s: Old Age

Answer 10

Crisis: Integrity vs Despair
Strength: Wisdom

Question 11

Stranger Anxiety

Answer 11

Caution & weariness displayed by infants (8-10 months) when encountering an unfamiliar person

Question 12

Separation Anxiety

Answer 12

Distress displayed by infants (start at 6-8 months & peaks at 14-18 months) when primary caregiver departs

Question 13

Erikson’s: Early Childhood

Answer 13

Crisis: Autonomy vs shame & doubt (independence if they’re allowed to explore or shame & self-doubt if they are restricted/ overprotected)
Say “NO”, start moving away from primary caregiver
Purpose: Will
Toddlers

Question 14

Erikson’s: Play Age

Answer 14

Crisis: Initiative vs guilt (conflict b/n independence of action & sometimes the negative results of that action)
Strength: Purpose
Age 3-6

Question 15

Separation Anxiety

Answer 15

Distress displayed by infants (start at 6-8 months & peaks at 14-18 months) when primary caregiver departs

Question 16

Object Permanence

Answer 16

Understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
First: kids only look for item where it was last seen instead of using inference to find where it has been moved
Partially complete by 8-12 months –> complete by 12-18

Question 17

Attachment

Answer 17

Positive emotional bond b/n a child & another individual –> child feels pleasure when with them & comforted by them in times of distress
As child becomes more independent they can progressively roam farther away from that security

Question 18

Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy/ Toddlers

Answer 18

Exposed to really poor care or abuse
Inhibited Type: child is withdrawn or unresponsive
Disinhibited Type: child approaches & cuddles up to strangers
Goal of tx: help child form bond to one caregiver

Question 19

Temperament

Answer 19

Patterns of arousal & emotionality that represent consistent & enduring characteristics in an individual
Child’s behavior (not fixed)
Inherited traits that are fairly stable throughout life–traits make up personality

Question 20

Easy (temperament) Babies

Answer 20

Babies with positive disposition, body fxns operate regularly & are adaptable

Question 21

Difficult (temperament) Babies

Answer 21

Babies with negative moods & are slow to adapt to new situations ; withdraw in new situations

Question 22

Slow-to-warm Babies

Answer 22

Inactive babies with relatively calm reactions to their environment; moods are generally negative & withdraw from new situations. Adapt slowly

Question 23

Goodness of fit

Answer 23

Development is partially dependent on match between child’s temperament & nature and demands of environment which they are being raised

Question 24

Make Believe Play

Answer 24

Kids grow cognitively & learn about important activities in their culture
Toddlers need encouragement to do this

Question 25

Preschooler's Theory of Mind

Answer 25

Age 2: understand others have emotions Age 3-4: distinguish b/n something in their minds & physical actuality End of preschool: easily solve false belief problems

Question 26

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development:

Answer 26

``` 4 Factors: Maturation of the nervous system Experience Social transmission of info Equilibration ```

Question 27

Piaget Cognitive: Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 27

``` First 2 years Reacting to & manipulating environment Relationship means Object permanence Infers cause & effect Assimilation/Accomodation ```

Question 28

Piaget Cognitive: Preoperational Stage

Answer 28

2-6 years Language acquisition Symbolic reasoning (and use of concepts)--use a symbol to represent something that's not physically present Centration: concentrate on one limited superficial aspect of a stimuli & ignore others (cause inaccuracy in thought) Egocentrism (don't consider other's viewpoints) Transductive thinking Magical thinking Intuitive thought: primitive reasoning & aquisition of knowledge about the world

Question 29

Piaget Cognitive: Concrete Operations

Answer 29

``` 6-11 years Logical cause/effect thinking Reversibility of events Social speech ability to take others point of view Conservation of volume/quantity Rigid interpretation of the rules ```

Question 30

Piaget Cognitive: Formal Operations

Answer 30

``` 11+ years Abstract thinking More elaborate info processing Metacognitive capacity Grasp probabilities Hypothetical thinking ```

Question 31

Erikson's: School Age

Answer 31

Crisis: Industry vs Inferiority (Industry: develop a sense of competence at useful skills/tasks vs Inferiority: pessimism & lack of confidence in own ability to do things well) Strength: Competence

Question 32

Erikson's: Adolescence

Answer 32

Crisis: Identity vs Role confusion (Identity: defining who you are, what you value & your direction in life vs. Role of Confusion: lack of direction & definition of self) Strength: fidelity (faithfulness)

Question 33

Piaget Cognitive: Concrete Operations

Answer 33

7-11 years Logical cause/effect thinking Reversibility of events Social speech Ability to take others point of view Conservation of volume/quantity Rigid interpretation of the rules Concrete operations: math & reasoning Concept of conservation: 1 thing can have 2 meanings Most cope well with illness & understand finality of death--those that don't act out

Question 34

Piaget Cognitive: Formal Operations

Answer 34

``` 11+ years Abstract thinking More elaborate info processing Metacognitive capacity Grasp probabilities Hypothetical-deductive reasoning Propositional Thought: evaluate logic of verbal propositions ```

Question 35

Fears/Anxieties in Middle Childhood

Answer 35

Fears: dark, thunder, lightning, supernatural beings persist Fear of real-life personal harm School Phobia: 5-7yo separation from home; 11-13 aspects of school