human growth & development Flashcards
who developed the 8 stage of development?
Eric Erikson
what stage. of human development is from birth to 1 year of age?
Trust vs mistrust
what stage of human development is between the ages of 1 and 3?
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
what stage of human development is between the ages of 3 and 6?
Initiative vs guilt
what stage of human development is between the ages of 6 to puberty?
industry vs inferiority
what stage of human development is during adolescence?
identity vs role confusion
what stage of human development is in young adulthood?
intimacy vs isolation
what stage of human development is during middle adulthood?
generativity vs stagnation
what stage of human development is as individuals grow older?
Ego Integrity vs Despair
what is enhanced when peaceful and safe environments withi neighborhoods and communities are created?
Social cohesion
what exists to the extent that individuals’ voices are expressed and heard?
social accountability
what are the 6 levels of cognitive development?
- Knowledge (rote memorization)
- comprehension (understanding)
- application (use of)
- Analysis (breaking down info)
- synthesis (combination of facts & ideas)
- evaluation (judging or forming an opinion
what are the three domains of learning?
- cognitive (knowledge)
- Affective (emotional area)
- Psychomotor (physical)
Who was the developmental psychologis best known for his theory of cognitive development?
Jean Piaget
who developed the theory of moral development (which parallels cognitive development)?
Lawrence Kohlberg
what is the first major level and the stages in the theory of moral development?
Preconventional - before age 9 and has stages 1 & 2
what is the second major level and the stages in the theory of moral development?
Conventional - early adolescence and has stages 3 (person acts to gain approval from others) & 4 (obeys laws & fulfils duties)
what is the third major level and the stages in the theory of moral development?
Postconventional - adult and has stage 5 (interest in others) & 6 (guided by principles)
what is the conceptual framework that describes how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning?
Learning theory
What are the 4 orientations of learning theory and who are the theorists?
- Behaviorist (Pavlov, Skinner)
- Cognitive (Piaget)
- Humanistic (Maslow)
- Social/Situational (Bandura)
Which learning theory is viewed through change in behavior & stimuli in the external environment? Social workers aim to change the external environment in order to bring about desired change.
Behaviorist pg 61
Which learning theory is viewed through internal mental processes? Social workers develop opportunities to foster capacity and skills to improve learning.
Cognitive
Which learning theory is viewed as a person’s activities aimed at reaching his full potential? SW develops the whole person
Humanistic
Which learning theory devlops learning between people and their environment? SW establish opportunities for conversation and participation to occur
Social/Situational
what are the two classes of behavior?
respondent and operant
which class of behavior is involuntary behavior that is automatically elicited by certain behavior? A stimuls elicits a response (ex, anxiety)
Respondent
which class of behavior is voluntary behavior that is controlled by its consequences in the environment? (ex walking, talking)
operant
respondent or classical conditioning is used by what theorist?
Pavlov
operant conditioning is used by what theorist?
BF Skinner)
unconditioned stimulus leads to unconditional response
unconditioned stimulus + Conditioned stimulus leads to unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus leads to conditioned response
respondent or classical conditioning
antecedent leads to response/behavior which leads to consequences
Operant conditioning
the operant technique that increases probability that behavior will occur by rewarding positive behavior
positive reinforcement
the operant technique that says behavior increases because of aversive stimulus is removed
negative reinforcement
the operant technique that presents an undesirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing that behavior such as hitting
positive punishment
the operant technique that removes the desirable stimulus following a behavior the purpose of decreasing that behavior (take away a dessert)
negative punishment
Behavioral term: treatment aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a stimulus or behavior by repeated pairig of it with an aversive stimulus (antabuse)
Aversion therapy
Behavior training program that teaches a person how to control certain functions such as heart rate, muscular tension. Useful for ADHD, Anxiety
biofeedback
a behavior term: withoulding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior. behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will eventually cease
extinction
a treatment procedure in which a client’s anxiety is extinguished by prologed real or imagined exposure to high intensity feared stimuli
flooding
pairing and movement through a hierarchy of anxiety, from lest to most provoking situations; takes place in real setting
In vivo desensitization
method of instruction that involves demonstrating
modeling
a cognitive theory where a SW changes a client’s irrational beliefs by argumental, rational reevaluation and by teaching
rational emotive therapy (RET) page 64
method used to train a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing successive approximations fo the desired behavior
shaping
anxiety producing stimulus is paired with relaxation producing responses so tht eventually the anxiety produces relaxation
systematic desensitization
removal or something desirable - negative punishment technique
time out
a client receives tokens as reinforcement for performing specific behaviors
token economy
refers to the idea that one is a member of a particular cultural, national, or racial group
ethnicity
the identity of a group or culture of an individual who is influenced by their self-identification with that group
cultural identity
what is the 3 stage model for adolescent cultural and ethnic identity development?
first stage is unexamined cultural, racial, and ethnic identity - characterized by lack of exploration
2nd stage - cultural, racial, and ethnic identity search (questioning)
3rd stage - cultural, racial, and ethnic identity achievement
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is broken into 5 stage model which is?
physiological, safety, social (love & belonging), esteem, growth needs or self-actualizaation
what theory did John Bowlby define which develops withing the first 5 years of life?
Attachment theory
what are the 5 stages of group work in order?
Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning
a psychological process where a person unconsciously adopts the beliefs, values, attitudes, or feelings of others, often without critically evaluating them or recognizing they are not inherently their own
introjection
a defense mechanism where an individual unconsciously replaces an unwanted or unacceptable thought, feeling, or impulse with its opposite.
Reaction formation
a defense mechanism in which an individual reverts to behaviors, thoughts, or emotional responses characteristic of an earlier stage of development when faced with stress, anxiety, or other psychological challenges.
Regression
a defense mechanism where distressing thoughts, feelings, or memories are pushed out of conscious awareness and stored in the unconscious mind.
Repression
what are the steps for crisis intervention?
Assess (brief biopsychological )
Rapport
Identify problem
Feelings - validate
Cope - how they will
Action plan
Follow-Up
When tests questions ask Most/Best, what are they asking?
Meet client where they are at
when test questions ask Should/must, what are they asking?
conisder legal mandate and Code of Ethics
