Human Growth & Development Flashcards
1
Q
Freudian Psychosexual Stages
A
- Oral (0-1) - mouth; attachment style forms
- Anal (1-3) - bowel/bladder
- Phallic (3-6) - genitals
- Latency (6-12) - inactive libido - sexuality emphasized the least
- Genital (12+) - maturing sexual interests
*If traumatized, a child may become fixated at a stage
2
Q
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
A
- Trust vs. mistrust
- Autonomy vs. shame & doubt
- Initiative vs. guilt
- Industry vs. inferiority
- Identity vs. confusion (ego identity to develop a self-concept, or identity crisis)
- Intimacy vs. isolation (focusing on sharing your life with another)
- Generativity vs. stagnation (mid-life crisis; fear of death may occur in this middle age)
- Integrity vs. despair (age 60+) - ego integrity
- Each stage represents a psychosocial crisis/turning point
- Only developmental theory to encompass the entire lifespan
- Identity crisis
3
Q
Id, Ego, Superego
A
- Id = “Pleasure principle,” sex/aggression, only concerned with the body - Freudian psychology emphasizes that the ego is dependent on the id
- Ego = “Reality principle,” logical, rational, reasoning/control - emphasized in Ego psychology
- Superego = Moralistic and idealistic personality
4
Q
Lazarus
A
Systematic desensitization
5
Q
Perry
A
- Adult cog dev - especially in college students
- Dualistic thinking, where things are conceptualized as good or bad or right and wrong (i.e., black and white thinking)
- Relativistic thinking, ability to perceive that everything is not black and white
6
Q
Kegan
A
- Adult cog development where individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan
7
Q
Piaget’s cog developmental stages
A
- Sensorimotor (0-2) - object permanence (i.e., face still exists even when covered in peek-a-boo)
- Preoperations (2-7) - egocentrism; centration (focusing on a key feature of an object, such as a clown’s nose); schema
- Concrete operations (7-11) - conservation (amount of volume/mass in water remains constant even if poured into a bigger glass) & reversibility (a glass of water can return to its initial shape)
- Formal operations (12+) - abstract thinking emerges, problems can be solved using deduction
- Piaget’s findings were often from his own children
- He felt that teachers should lecture less as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions/experimentation
- Equilibrium is the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and what is changed (accommodation)
8
Q
Idiographic vs. nomothetic
A
- Idiographic = examining individuals in-depth (i.e., Freud, Piaget)
- Nomothetic = large groups of people are studied for generalizability
9
Q
Vygotsky
A
- Zone of proximal development (learner can do with guidance)
10
Q
Kohlberg
A
- Moral development
- Heinz dilemma (story to assess level/stage of moral dev)
- 6 total stages of moral dev that fall into three levels
- Preconventional level - shaped by adults/their consequences
- Conventional level - acceptance/comforming to social rules concerning right and wrong
- Postconventional level - universal ethical principles
11
Q
Bowlby
A
- Attachment/bonding
- Object = target of one’s love
- Object loss involves protest, despair, and detachment
12
Q
Harlow
A
- Maternal deprivation/isolation in monkeys
- Baby monkeys were more likely to cling to terry-cloth mom than wire mom
- Physical contact was more important than milk
13
Q
Maccoby & Jacklin
A
- Argued that males are better than females in math
- Argued that sex-role difference are from child-rearing patterns
14
Q
When does conformity peak?
A
- Early teens
15
Q
Freud’s structure of the mind
A
- Id, ego, superego
16
Q
Eros & thanatos
A
- Life instinct vs. death instinct
17
Q
Dream descriptions
A
- Manifest (describing the dream as the patient does)
- Latent (hidden meaning of the dream)
18
Q
Suicide stats
A
- 48,000 suicides per year
- rate = 13/100,000
19
Q
Stage theories
A
- Construct to describe phases/steps overtime (i.e., psychosexual development, psychosocial development, stages of change, stages of grief…)
- Assume that qualitative changes between stages occur
20
Q
Cephalocaudal
A
- Head to foot development
21
Q
Oedipus complex
A
- Fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite sex occur (i.e., Electra complex for girls)
- Phallic stage
22
Q
Gibson
A
- Measured depth perception by utilizing a visual cliff
23
Q
Empiricists in human growth/dev
A
- Believe that development merely consists of quant changes (not qual)
- Behavioristic
24
Q
Instinctual behavior
A
- Bx that manifests itself in all normal members of a species
25
Q
Lorenz
A
- Study of animals’ bx in their natural environment (ethology)
- Example: Aggression is an inborn tendency
- Example: A newborn will follow a moving object
26
Q
Learned helplessness
A
Maslow & Seligman
27
Q
Gesell
A
- One-way mirror for observing children
- Believed development is determined via genetics
28
Q
Modern Skinnerian application
A
ABA
29
Q
Havinghurst
A
- Proposed developmental tasks/milestones throughout the lifespan
30
Q
Behavioral reinforcement
A
Positive or negative will increase the probability that a bx will occur
31
Q
Animistic
A
When children attribute human characteristics to objects
32
Q
Anima/animus
A
- Jung
- Anima = female
- Animus = male
- Both are archetypes, or inhered unconscious factors
33
Q
Elementary school counseling services began
A
1960s
34
Q
Levinson
A
- 80% of men experienced mid life crises
- age 30 crisis occurs in men when they feel it will be soon be too late to make later changes
35
Q
Anxiety vs. phobia
A
- In anxiety, the client is unaware of the source of fear (whereas a phobia the source is clear)
36
Q
Critical period
A
- When an organism is susceptible to specific development that makes imprinting possible (rapid learning/assimilation)
- Example: Age 2-14 is language acquisition
37
Q
How Maslow researched self-actualization
A
- Interviewed people who escaped “the psychology of the average”
38
Q
Kagan
A
- Holding environment in counseling where the client can make meaning in the face of criss and find new direction
