Human Growth & Development Flashcards
1
Q
Freudian Psychosexual Stages
A
- Oral (0-1) - mouth; attachment style forms
- Anal (1-3) - bowel/bladder
- Phallic (3-6) - genitals
- Latency (6-12) - inactive libido - sexuality emphasized the least
- Genital (12+) - maturing sexual interests
*If traumatized, a child may become fixated at a stage
2
Q
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
A
- Trust vs. mistrust
- Autonomy vs. shame & doubt
- Initiative vs. guilt
- Industry vs. inferiority
- Identity vs. confusion (ego identity to develop a self-concept, or identity crisis)
- Intimacy vs. isolation (focusing on sharing your life with another)
- Generativity vs. stagnation (mid-life crisis; fear of death may occur in this middle age)
- Integrity vs. despair (age 60+) - ego integrity
- Each stage represents a psychosocial crisis/turning point
- Only developmental theory to encompass the entire lifespan
- Identity crisis
3
Q
Id, Ego, Superego
A
- Id = “Pleasure principle,” sex/aggression, only concerned with the body - Freudian psychology emphasizes that the ego is dependent on the id
- Ego = “Reality principle,” logical, rational, reasoning/control - emphasized in Ego psychology
- Superego = Moralistic and idealistic personality
4
Q
Lazarus
A
Systematic desensitization
5
Q
Perry
A
- Adult cog dev - especially in college students
- Dualistic thinking, where things are conceptualized as good or bad or right and wrong (i.e., black and white thinking)
- Relativistic thinking, ability to perceive that everything is not black and white
6
Q
Kegan
A
- Adult cog development where individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan
7
Q
Piaget’s cog developmental stages
A
- Sensorimotor (0-2) - object permanence (i.e., face still exists even when covered in peek-a-boo)
- Preoperations (2-7) - egocentrism; centration (focusing on a key feature of an object, such as a clown’s nose); schema
- Concrete operations (7-11) - conservation (amount of volume/mass in water remains constant even if poured into a bigger glass) & reversibility (a glass of water can return to its initial shape)
- Formal operations (12+) - abstract thinking emerges, problems can be solved using deduction
- Piaget’s findings were often from his own children
- He felt that teachers should lecture less as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions/experimentation
- Equilibrium is the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and what is changed (accommodation)
8
Q
Idiographic vs. nomothetic
A
- Idiographic = examining individuals in-depth (i.e., Freud, Piaget)
- Nomothetic = large groups of people are studied for generalizability
9
Q
Vygotsky
A
- Zone of proximal development (learner can do with guidance)
10
Q
Kohlberg
A
- Moral development
- Heinz dilemma (story to assess level/stage of moral dev)
- 6 total stages of moral dev that fall into three levels
- Preconventional level - shaped by adults/their consequences
- Conventional level - acceptance/comforming to social rules concerning right and wrong
- Postconventional level - universal ethical principles
11
Q
Bowlby
A
- Attachment/bonding
- Object = target of one’s love
- Object loss involves protest, despair, and detachment
12
Q
Harlow
A
- Maternal deprivation/isolation in monkeys
- Baby monkeys were more likely to cling to terry-cloth mom than wire mom
- Physical contact was more important than milk
13
Q
Maccoby & Jacklin
A
- Argued that males are better than females in math
- Argued that sex-role difference are from child-rearing patterns
14
Q
When does conformity peak?
A
- Early teens
15
Q
Freud’s structure of the mind
A
- Id, ego, superego
