Human Growth and Development test #1

Question 1

Heredity and the environment
Conditions: Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 1

*recessive allele
*babies are born lacking an important liver enzyme that converts amino acids found in dairy, bread, diet soda and fish into a different amino acid
*without this enzyme, phenylalanine accumulates and results in harm to the nervous system
*results in intellectual disability

Question 2

Conditions: Sickle cell anemia

Answer 2

*sickle cell disease is a group of inherited red blood cell disorder
*a heterogenous father (carrying both genes) and a Heterogenous mother (carrying both genes) can have a healthy child, a child with sickle cell traits, or a child with sickle cell disease depending on what is inherited

Question 3

Conditions: down syndrome

Answer 3

*is the most common chromosomal disorder
*have an extra 21st chromosome usually provided by the egg
*1 in a 1000 births
*increases with maternal age (as eggs deteriorate over time
*half of all fertilized eggs abort spontaneously within 2 weeks of conception because of abnormal autosomes.

Question 4

mechanisms of heredity:

Answer 4

*chromosomes
*egg + sperm
(23) (23)
combine as one
46 (23 pairs from each parent)

Question 5

allele characteristics

Answer 5

*each version or variation of a gene is called an allele
*alleles-2 forms of the gene appear on a chromosome, one from the mom and the other from the dad.

Question 6

punnett squares

Question 7

genotype

Answer 7

*the complete set of inherited traits (a persons hereditary makeup)

Question 8

phenotype

Answer 8

*how the traits are expressed
*physical, behavioral, and psychological features that result from an interaction in ones genes and environment.

Question 9

dominant

Answer 9

*the chemical instructions of this allele are followed

Question 10

recessive

Answer 10

the chemical instructions of the allele are ignored.

Question 11

phases of prenatal development

Answer 11

*3 phases of development
*zygote=(1-2 weeks),if egg present sperm begin to borrow their way into the egg
*embryo=(3-8 weeks), after zygote embedded in uterine wall=embryo
*fetus=(9-38 weeks), the final and longest stage

Question 12

Prenatal development and birth
Prenatal complications

Answer 12

*Nutrition
*Stress
*Mother’s age

Question 13

prenatal development

Question 14

fetal development

Question 15

trends in growth

Question 16

twins

Question 17

teratogenic disorders (drugs)

Answer 17

*an agent causing abnormal prenatal development
*thalidomide
*alcohol
*aspirin
*caffeine
*cocaine/heroin
*marijuana
*nicotine

Question 18

teratogenic disorders (diseases)

Answer 18

an agent causing abnormal prenatal development
*HIV/aids
*cytomegalovirus
*genital herpes
*rubella (German Measles)
*syphilis

Question 19

teratogenic disorders (environmental factors)

Answer 19

an agent causing abnormal prenatal development
*Lead
*mercury
*polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS)
*x-rays

Question 20

prenatal influences (nutrition)

Answer 20

*inadequate nourishment could result in: underweight and premature births, underdevelopment of nervous system, immunocompromised

Question 21

prenatal influences (stress)

Answer 21

physical and psychological responses to threatening or challenging conditions
*practically all pregnant women experience anxiousness or get upset sometime throughout pregnancy
*the following are effects of chronic extreme stress or experiencing a disaster
-increase hormones
-weaken immune system
-smoke, drink
-epigenetic changes

Question 22

prenatal influences (maternal age)

Answer 22

• women waiting to have children until after 30
  *after the age of 35, have an increased risk of miscarriages or stillbirths
  *ages 40-45: half of the pregnancy ends in miscarriages and have higher chances of down syndrome

Question 23

birth complications

Question 24

newborn assessments

Answer 24

*APGAR
a-activity
p-pulse
g-grimace
a-appearance
r-respiration
*newborn care map
*reflexes
*metabolic screen test>PKU

Question 25

SIDS

Question 26

newborn assessments
the newborn and changes that occur in the 1st 2 years

Question 27

brain development

Question 28

newborn reflexes

Answer 28

*newborns first motor abilities are limited to reflexes
*rooting
*suck
*moro
*tonic
*grasp
*stepping
*temperature maintenance
*coordinated breathing and sucking

Question 29

attachment types/bonding

Answer 29

*physical and emotional connection between the parents and baby after birth

Question 30

developmental milestones

Question 31

growth and development

Question 32

speech development

Question 33

newborn senses

Answer 33

*hearing-baby’s ears are self-cleaning and wax is pushed out naturally. hear low frequency sounds better than high
*smell-have an acute sense of smell
*touch-consistently provokes a response. lips, tongues, cheeks, ears, and forehead are especially sensitive.
*taste-have the ability to distinguish between tastes. various types of solutions elicit different facial responses

Question 34

nutrition: breastfeeding

Answer 34

*breast milk is the ideal food
*sterile and at body temperature
*essential vitamins and iron
*easily digestible
*provides immunity to any disease the mother has been immunized against
*stem cells
*essential nutrients
*tailored to baby’s needs and their growth and development

Question 35

Erikson’s theory application

Question 36

Piaget’s theory application