Human growth And Development Flashcards
Freudian is known for psychosexual stages which are
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital (starts at 12)
Focuses on psychodynamic theory where instincts are emphasized
Importance of id - concerned with body not the outside world
Erik erikson stages of psychosocial are focused on
Social relationships Ego psychologist believe 1 emphasize id process 2 refute idea of superego 3 believe in mans power of reasoning to control behavior 4 can be known as radical behaviorist
Ego is logical, rational and utilizes power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check
Psychometric
Mental testing or measurement
Psychodiagnostic
Study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal cues
Psychopharmacology
Study the effects that medications or drugs have on psychological functioning
Psychodynamic theories focus on
Unconscious process rather than cognitive factors
Who is the only psychoanalyst yo create a developmental theory that covers the whole life span
Erik erikson - 8 stages and last stage starts at age 60
Who is Jean Piaget?
Leading name in cognitive development in children - 4 stage cognitive development theory is based on notion that successfully completing a previous stage is necessary for the stages that transpire next
“The ego is dependent on the id” reflects the work of:
Sigmund Freud - psychodynamic theory
(Id is also called the pleasure principal)
The ego (reality principal) is pressured by the ego to succumb to pleasure or gratification regardless of consequences
Who is Arnold Lazarus?
Pioneer of the behavior therapy / use of systemic desensitization, a technique which helps clients cope with phobias
(Multimodal therapy)
Robert Perry
Known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development; especially regarding college students
-dualistic thinking - common to teens in which things are conceptualized as good or bad or right or wrong. Dualism also known as black or white thinking
Students in this stage assume the professor have the answers
They move into relativistic thinking - individual now has ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong but answer can exist relative to a specific situation
Robert Kegan
Adult cognitive development
Stresses interpersonal development.
Constructive model of development, meaning that individuals construct reality throughout their life span
Jean Piaget idiographic approach created 4 stages. What are they in order?
Sensorimotor, preoperation, concrete operation and formal operation
Stages remain same for different cultures but ages could vary
Idiographic approaches to theories such as Freud and Piaget examine:
Individuals and (not groups of people) in depth. These are contrasted with nomothetic approaches (behaviorism or DSm) where large number of people are studied to create general principles that apply to population.
Behavioral scientists have been critical of Piaget (Swiss) developmental research because
His findings were often derived from observing his own children (Lucienne, Laurent and Jacqueline)
Piaget was trained as a biologist and then worked with Alfred Binet in France. Binet created the first intelligence test
What is a “t” test?
Parametric statistical test used in formal experiments to determine whether there is a significant difference between two groups. “t” is utilized to ascertain if the means of the groups are significantly different from each other. “t” test group must be normally distributed.
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered:
Piaget’s theory of conservation
Refers to the notion that a substances weight, mass and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. The child masters conservation and the concept of reversibility during the concrete operational stage (7-11).
Also the ability to count mentally (without matching something up to something else physically) both occur in concrete operational thought stage.
Piaget symbolic schema
Cognitive structure that grows with life experience
Schema means for a child to test out things in physical world
Conservation would most likely refer to:
Volume or mass
A child who has not mastered conservation does not think in a flexible manner
A child masters conservation in the piagetian stage known as:
Concrete operations (7-11 years old)
___________ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualizatiom of moral development:
Lawrence Kohlberg - leading theorist in moral development. He used stories to determine the level moral development in kids.
Lev Vygotsky
Disagreed with Piaget notion that developmental stages take place naturally. Insisted stages unfold due to educational intervention
Epigenetic
Kohlberg, Erikson and Maslow theories to be known as this.
Each stage emerges from the one before. The process follows a given order and is systemic. Recently the definition has focused on the fact that environmental factors can influence genetic expression.
John B Watson
Father of American behaviorism and coined the term in 1912
According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests:
A that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift
B the child is ambidextrous
C the child is more cognizant of mass than weight
D one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape
D
During a thunderstorm, a 6 year old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says “the rain is following me” this is an example of:
A egocentrism
B conservation
C centration
D abstract thought
A - egocentrism
Not implying the child is self-centered but conveys the fact that the child can not view the world from the vantage point of someone else.
***D - abstract thought - doesn’t occur until final or fourth stage (formal operations)
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested:
A a single level of morality
B two levels of morality
C three levels of morality
D preoperational though as the basis for all morality
C three levels of morality
Preconventional, conventional, And postconventional (also known as personal integrity or morality of self accepted principles level)
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlbergs theory as:
A a brick is to a house
B Freud is to jung
C the Menninger clinic is to biofeedback
D a typing test is to the level of typing skills mastered
D
Method to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual.
The Heinz story about $2,000 radium drug to help his dying wife survive cancer. Stole it. The reasoning utilized to solve a moral dilemma could be used to asses moral development.
The term identity crisis comes from the work of:
A counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients
B erikson
C Adler
D jung
B erikson - felt that in an attempt to find out who they really are, adolescents will experiment with various roles.
Who is alfred Adler?
Founder of individual psychology and stresses inferiority complex
RS
Religious and Spiritual
Who coined the term positive psychology?
Abraham Maslow
Popularized by learned helplessness syndrome pioneer Martin Seligmann refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness and wisdom.
Kohlbergs 3 levels of morality are:
Preconventional - child responds to punishments (reward and punishment - selfish motives) greatly influence behavior.
conventional - wants to meet standards of the family, society, and even the nation.
postconventional - (never felt like this stage was reached) - a person who reaches this level is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity and equality of human rights - Ghandi, Socrates and MLk jr reached it
Trust versus mistrust is
Erikson first stage of psychosocial development
He proposed 8 stages in formation of the ego identity. Corresponds with freuds initial oral-sensory stage.
Harry Stack Sullivan
Postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescent, early adolescence and late adolescence.
Theory = psychiatry of interpersonal relations
Similar to erikson in that biological determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the sociocultural demands is society. Focuses on social influences
A person who has successfully mastered Erickson’s first 7 stages would be ready to enter Erickson’s final or 8th stage of:
A generativity vs stagnation
B initiative vs guilt
C identity crisis of the later years
D integrity vs despair
D - integrity vs despair - stage begins at 60.
Each stage is seen as a psychosocial crisis or turning point. Did not imply that a person either totally succeeds or fails. Individuals lean towards a given alternative.
In Kohlbergs first or preconventional level, the individuals moral behavior is guided by:
A psychosocial urges
B consequences
C periodic fugue states
D counterconditioning
B - consequences
Consequences stage (premoral) - a removal of a favorite toy is more important than societal expectations and the law.
Counterconditioning
Behaviorist technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response. Systemic desensitization is a good example
Kohlbergs second level or morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by
A psychosocial urges
B a desire to live up to society’s expectations
C a desire to conform
D b and c
D - b and c
The individual wishes to conform to the roles in society so that authority and social order can prevail.
Kohlbergs highest level of morality is coined postconventional morality. Here the individual
A must truly contend with psychosocial urges
B has the so called good boy/good girl orientation
C has self imposed morals and ethics
D a and b
C
Individual create his or her own moral principles rather than those set by society or family.
Level 3 of Kohlbergs theory - which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles
D - highest level of morality and some people never reach it
The zone of proximal development
A pioneered by Lev Vygotsky
B pioneered by Piaget and Kohlberg
C emphasis on organ inferiority
D a, b and c
A Lev
Describes the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher vs that which he or she is capable of with an instructor.
Freud and Erikson
A classified as behaviorist
B classified as naturationsists
C agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual
D we’re prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or DBT movements
B
Maturation hypothesis (theory) suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. The individuals neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for behavior to unfold. Strives to unleash unborn abilities, instincts and drives. Childhood and past are important
Dialectical behavioral Therapy (DBT)
Focuses heavily on mindfulness (being aware of your own state of mind and the environment) and was created by Marsha M Linehan and is useful for clients harboring feelings of self harm and suicide and substance abuse issues
John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with:
A work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold gesell, a maturationist
B developmental stage theories
C bonding and attachment
D the unconscious mind
C - bonding and attachment
Saw bonding and attachment as having survival value or adaptive significance. In order to lead a normal social life the child must bond with an adult before the age of 3. If bond is severed at an early age it is known as an object loss and this is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal behavior (psychopathology).
Arnold Gesell
Pioneer in terms of using a one-way mirror for observing children. Maturationist. Development is primarily determined via genetics/heredity. A child must be ready before he or she can accept a certain level of education
Margaret Mahlers theory
Separation - individual theory of child development
Child’s absolutely dependence on female caretaker “symbiosis”
In which eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
A generativity vs stagnation
B integrity vs despair
C a and b
D Erickson’s stages do not address midlife issues
A
Generativity - refers to the ability to be productive and happy by looking outside ones self and being concerned with other people.
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is
A Harry Harlow
B John bowbly
C Lawrence Kohlberg
D all of the above
A
Harlow believed that attachment was an innate tendency and not one which is learned.
Rene Spitz
Children reared in impersonal institutions experiencing maternal deprivation between the sixth and eight month of life cried more, experienced difficulty sleeping and had more health related difficulties. Anaclitic depression. Infant have difficult time forming close relationships.
The statement: “males are better then females when performing mathematical calculations” is
A false
B true due to genetics
C true only in middle aged men
D true according to research by Eleanor maccoby and carol Jacklin
D
Major impetus for sex-role differences may come from child-rearing patterns rather than bodily chemistry
The eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person:
C intimacy vs isolation - 23-34
We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?
A 19 yo male college student
B 23 year old male drummer in rock band
C 57 yo female stockbroker
D 13 yo male middle school student
D
Conformity seems to peak in early teens
In Harry Harlow’s experiment with baby monkeys
B - the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother
Contact comfort is important in the development of the infants attachment to his or her mother.
Bowbly would say that in humans the parents act as a released stimulus to elicit relief from hunger and tension through holding
