Human Growth and Development Flashcards
Vocabulary
Psychometric
mental testing or measurements
Vocabulary
Psychodiagnostic
the study of personality through interpretation of behavior or non-verbal cues
Vocabulary
Psychopharmacology
Studies the effects that medications or drugs have on psychological functions
Vocabulary
Psychosocial
Focuses on social relationships
Vocabulary
Psychodynamic
Focuses on unconscious process rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients
Freud
Theory
Structure of the human mind
-Stages of Psychosexual Development
-Mechanisms that drive behavior
Freud
Stages of Development
O: oral (birth - 1 y/o): primary source of interaction and pleasure
A: anal (1 - 3 y/o): focuses on the bowel and bladder
P: phallic (3 - 6 y/o): focuses on the genitalia
L: latency (6y/o - Puberty): sexual feelings are dormant
G: genitals (Puberty onward): mature sexual feelings develop
Mnemonic -OAPLG: “Old Ass People Love Gold”
Vocabulary
Fixation
having attachments to people or things that persist from childhood to adulthood
Freud Stages of Development
Oral Stage (0-1y/o)
Definition and Fixation
Definition: the mouth is the primary source of pleasure.
-Sucking, biting, and feeding
Fixation:weaning too early can lead to behaviors like overeating, smoking, or nail-biting
Freud Stage of Development
Anal Stage (1-3y/o)
Definition and Fixation
Definition:pleasure derived from controlling bowel and bladder movement
-toilet training
Fixation:can lead to being overly organized and clean (anal-retentive) or messy and disorganized (anal-explusive)
Freud Stage of Development
Phallic Stage (3-6 y/o)
Defintion and Fixation
Definition:focus on genital area. Children become aware of bodies and differences between boys and girls.
Key Concepts:Oedipus and Electra Complexes
* Oedipus: boys have a unconscious sexual desires for their mother and see their father as a rival
* Electra: girls desire their father and feeling rivalry with their mother
Freud Stage of Development
Latency Stage (6 years to Puberty)
Definition
Definition:sexual feelings are dormant during this stage. Children focus on developing skills, learning, and forming friendships.
Freud Stage of Developement
Genital Stage (Puberty Onward)
Definition
Definition:Focus returns to the genitals, but now sexual desires are directed towards others rather than oneself
-Signaling the maturation of sexual interest
Freud
Structual Model
Id: seat of sex and aggression (concerned only w/body)
Ego:logical, rational, power of reasoning and control
SuperEgo:moralistic and idealistic portion of the personality
Id: Pleasure
Ego: Reality
Superego: Morality
Freud
ID
Definition
Definition:unconcious part of the personality, seeking immediate gratification of instincts and desires
-Hunger, thirst, sex
Key Concept: Pleasure Principle
Freud
Ego
Definition
Definition:Rational, conscious part of personality that mediates between the desires of the id and the realities of the external world
Key Concept: Reality Principle
Freud
Superego
Definition
Definition:Moral part of the personality. Represents internalized societal norms and values.
-Strives for perfection and judges actions based off of right and wrong.
Key Concept: Morality Principle
Freud
Defense Mechanisms
When ego faces anxiety or internal conflict
-repression, denial, projection, displacement,sublimation,regression
Freud
Unconscious Mind
Influences behaviors (memories or desires)
-conscious, preconscious, unconscious
Freud
Oedipal
(Oedipus Complex)
phallic stage; feelings of desire for opposite-sex parent
Jung
Electra
girls feel desire for their fathers and jealousy of their mothers
Vocabulary
Libido
(The Id)
energy that drives human behavior and personality
Piaget
Stages of Development
S: Sensorimotor
P: Preoperational
C: Concrete operations
F: Formal operations
Mnemonic: SPCF - “Some People Can Fly”
Piaget Stage of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 y/o)
Definition
Definition: infants learn about the world through their senses and actions
-Looking, touching, grasping
Key Concept: Object Permanence
Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development
Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 y/o)
Definition
Definition: children begin to use language and think symbolically, but their thinking is still intutitive and egocentric
Key Concept: Egocentrism and Centration
Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development
Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 y/o)
Definition
Definition: Children develop logical thinking about concrete events and understand the concept of conservation
Key Concept: Conservation
Piagets Stages of Development
Formal Operational Stage (12 y/o and up)
Definition
Definition: individuals develop the ability to think abstractly, reason logically, and use deductive reasoning
Key Concept: Abstract Thinking
Vocabulary
Self-Concept
(person-centered) knowing one’s own tendencies, thoughts, preferences and habits, hobbies, skills and areas of weakness
Vocabulary
Nature vs. Nurture
peoples development and behaviors
* nature: traits by biological or genetic makeup (heredity, genes, instincts)
* nurture: traits by physical and emotional environment (learning)
Vocabulary
Tabula Rasa
“blank slate”: people are born without any innate mental content, and that all knowledge comes from sensory experiences and education
Vocabulary
Plasticity
the nervous system changes and adapts in response to internal or external stimuli
Vocabulary
Psychopathology
the study of mental and social disorders
Vocabulary
Prevalence
proportion of a population who have a specific characteristic in a given time period
Vocabulary
Prognosis
the probability that one can recover from a condition
Vocabulary
Etiology
the study of the causes of psychological disorders
Vocabulary
Equinfinality
the idea that multiple pathwats can lead to the same outcome
Vocabulary
Comorbidity
when one or more psychological disorders are found in a patient alongside their primary condition
Vocabulary
Propinquity
the state of being close to someone or something they repeatedly encounter
Vocabulary
Ego-dystonic
thoughts that are not in line with who we are and/or what we believe
Vocabulary
Ego-Synthonic
something is in line with one’s values, identity, beliefs, and desires
Vocabulary
Biopsychosocial History
George Engel
systematically considers biological, psychological, and social factors and their complex interactions in understanding healthy, illness, and health coere delivery
Vocabulary
Hedonism
pursuit of pleasure
Lawrence Kohlberg
Levels of Moral Thinking
3 Levels / 6 Steps
Level 1: Pre-conventional (prior to age 9): reponses to consequences
* Obedience and punishment orientation
* Individualism and exchange
Level 2: Conventional: wants to meet the standards of family, society, and even the nation
* good boy/nice girl orientation
* law and order orientation
Level 3: Post-conventional: concerened with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and queality of human rights
* Social contract orientation
* Universal ethical principle orientation
Carol Gilligan
Theory of Moral Development
Assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg
* emphasizes women’s perspectives
Erik Erikson
8 Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy: 0-18months)
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood: 2-3 years old)
- Initative vs. Guilt (Pre-school: 3-5 years old)
- Industry vs. Interiority (School age: 6-11 years old)
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolesence: 12-18 years old)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adult: 19-40 years old)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood: 40-65 years old)
- Ego Identity vs. Dispair (Maturity: 65+)
Jean Piaget
Cognitive Developmental Stages
1. Sensorimotor: (0-2 years old) object permanence
* basic reflexes, senses, motor responses
2. Pre-operational: (2-7 years old) symbolic thought
* skilled at pretend play; struggles with logic and point of view
3. Concrete operational: (7-11 years old) logical thought
* become better at thinking logically
4. Post-operational: (12 years and older) scientific reasoning
* Solution to problems and thinking scientifically
Piaget
Piaget believed we inherited 2 tendencies
Adaptation: adjusting to the enviornment
Organization:the combining of behaviors into coherent systems
Vocabulary
Schema
cognitive structure that helps people organize and interpret information with life expereince
* System that premits the child to test out things in the physical world
Schema
4 Types of Schemas
- Person Schemas: focused on specific individuals
- Social Schemas:general knowledge about how peopl behave in certain social situations
- Self-Schemas:knowledge about self
- Event Schemas: patterns of behavior that should be followed for certain events
Vocabulary
Adaptation
adjusting to new expereiences and information to function more effectively in the world
Vocabulary
Assimilation
cognitive process of making new information fit with exisiting understanding
Vocabulary
Accommodation
adjusting and modifying schemas to incorporate new infor or expereinces
Vocabulary
Object Permanence
understanding that objects continue to exist even if they are not seen,heard,or touched
Vocabulary
Centration
focusing on one aspect of a situation while ignoring other relevant aspects
Vocabulary
Conservation
ability to understand that the quantity of an object remains the same even when its shape, size, or container changes
Vocabulary
Abstract Scientific Thinking
Consider concepts and ideas that are not concrete or tied to physical objects or experiences
Maslow
Heiarchy of Needs
- Self-Actualization
- Esteem
- Love and Belonging
- Safety
- Psychological Needs
Selfish Earl Loves Safety Pins
Robert Havinghurst
Theory
developed the developmental task model. Stated that development is continuous and includes many tasks across 6 stages
Havinghurst
6 Stages of Growth
- infancy and earlychildhood: learning to walk or eat solid foods
- middle childhood (6-12years old): learning to get along with peers or developing a conscience
- adolescence (12-18years old): preparing for marriage and an economic career
- early adulthood (19-30years old): selecting mate and starting family
- middle age (30-60years old): assisting teens to become responsible adults and developing leisture time activities
- maturity (60+ years old): dealing with death of a spouse and adjusting to retirement
