Human Growth and Development Flashcards
Frued’s stages of development are:
psychosexual
Erik Erikson’s stages of development are ___
psychosocial
Ego psychologists believe
in man’s power of reasoning to control behavior
Psychodynamic theories focus on
unconscious process rather than cognitive factors. (ie, frued focused on the id: seat of sex and agression, only concerned with the body)
Which psychoanalyst created the only developmental theory that encompasses the entire life span?
Erik Erikson
Describe Frued’s development theory
final stage begins at age 12 and continues throughout one’s life span.
What is William Perry known for?
his ideas related to adult cognitive development-especially regarding college students
Define dualistic thinking and which theorist stresses the concept
common to teens in which things are either good or bad, right or wrong. AKA black and white thinking with little to no ambiguity. William Perry
Define relativistic thinking
as teens enter adulthood, can see not everything is black and white. an answer may be relative to a specific situation
Robert Kegan’s model of development
known in the area of adult cognitive development. theory is a constructive model of development, meaning individuals construct reality throughout the life span
Jean Piaget’s four stages of development are (in order):
sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
Jean Paiget said that his four stages of development: remain in the same order or vary by individual
Remain in the same order regardless of culture though age may vary
What is often criticized about Jean Piaget’s work?
Most of his research was done by observing his own children
What is the concept of conservation according to Piaget
notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape
What is the concept of reversibility according to Piaget
notion that some things that have been changed can be restored to their original condition (ie, water to ice back to water)
according to piaget, at what stage does the individual master conservation and reversibility?
concrete operations
Which theorist expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development?
Lawrence Kohlberg, leading theorist in moral development
Which theorist disagreed with Piaget’s notion that developmental stages occurred naturally? What did they think instead?
Lev Vygotsky. Claimed stages unfold due to educational intervention
Define Piaget’s concept egocentrism
means the child is not able to view the world from the vantage point of someone else
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested how many levels or morality and name them
three: preconventional, conventional, postconventional
What is the Heinz dilemma? Which theorist created it?
method used by Lawrence Kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual
Identity crisis comes from the work of
Eric Erikson
What “RS” issues
religious and spiritual
Kohlberg’s preconventional stage
reward and punishment (selfish motives) greatly influence behavior.
Kohlberg’s conventional stage
individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and even the nation
Kohlberg’s postconventional morality
individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity and equality of human rights. individual creates their own moral principles rather than those set by society or family. Kohlberg felt many people never reach this level
Eric Erikson’s stages of development
- trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt 3. initiative vs guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority 5. identity vs. confusion 6. intimacy vs. isolation 7. generativity vs. stagnation 8. integrity vs. despair
Harry Stack Sullivan’s stages of development
infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, late adolescence
zone of proximal development
describes difference between a child’s performance without a teacher vs what they are capable of with an instructor. pioneered by vygotsky
maturation theory
hypothesizes behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors but certain behaviors will not manifest until necessary stimuli are present in the environment.
John Bowlby, British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with
bonding and attachment
Which researcher is known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys
Harry Harlow
When does conformity seem to peak?
early teens
Frued postulated the psychosexual stages:
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Frued’s structural theory of the mind includes:
id, ego, superego
In adolescence (males or females) commit suicide more often, but (males or females) attempt suicide more often
Males Females
T or F: suicide rates tend to increase with age
True
During which of Erikson’s stages is fear of death typically greatest?
middle age
Stanley Coopersmith discovered what in his reserach on child rearing?
Child rearing methods have a great impact on self esteem. Kids w/ high self esteem were punished as often as those with low self esteem. Difference is high self esteem kids understood the punishment. Emphasis was on behavior being bad, not the child
Stage theorists assume
qualitative changes between stages occur
Development is
a continuous process that begins at conception
Development is cephalocaudal which means
head to foot
Name and describe what occurs in Piaget’s final stage
Formal Operational Stage: abstract thinking and problems can be solved using deduction
Kohlberg’s first level and stages
Preconventional 1. punishment/obedience orientation 2. native hedonism (instrumental or egotistic orientation)
Kohlberg names ___ stages of moral development which fall into ___ levels
6; 3
Kohlberg’s second level and stages
Conventional 3. good boy/girl orientation 4. authority, law, order orientation (concerned with rules of family, society)
Kohlberg’s third level and stages
Post conventional 5. democratically accepted law or “social contract” 6. principles of self-conscience and universal ethics. person accepts their own moral principles
In girls, the oedipus complex may be referred to as
the Electra complex
Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing
an apparatus known as a visual cliff
Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as
empiricists
Empiricism is often said to be the forerunner of
behaviorism
Through studying monkeys, Harlow discovered
contact is even more important than milk
Theorists who believe developmental strides are qualitative are called
organicists/ position is called organicism
according to piaget, children develop object permanence in which stage
sensorimotor stage (first stage)
mother hides toy behind her back. child believes toy does not exist any more. child has not mastered__
object permanence and representational thought
Harlow’s experiments demonstrated animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life ___
appeared to be autistic
In psychoanalytic theory, fixation means
the individual is unable to go from one developmental stage to the next. person stays in stage where they feel safe. emotional development stops even if physical or cognitive development continues
A counselor who uses the term instinctual technically means
behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species.
The term ethology is associated with the work of which theorist and means:
Konrad Lorenz; the study of animals’ behavior in their natural environment
what is comparative psychology?
laboratory research using animals in attempts to generalize the findings to humans
Konrad Lorenz is best known for his work on
the process of imprinting - instinctual behavior in animals in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters
What is Piaget’s concept of centration
occurs in the preoperational stage. characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object or situation while not noticing the rest of it
Bowlby named the sequence of object loss which is
protest, despair, detachment
Elementary school counseling and guidance services are
fairly new and began gaining momentum in the 1960s
Three reasons for slow development of elementary school counseling
- people believed teachers could double as counselors 2. counseling was conceptualized as focusing on vocational issues which is not an issue in elementary 3. secondary schools utilized social workers and psychologists
Freud felt morality develops from the
superego
Which theorist would most likely say that aggression is an inborn tendency
Konrad Lorenz
To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow
interviewed the best people he could find who escaped “the psychology of the average”
Piaget is what type of theorist
a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative
Piaget’s concept of assimilation means
taking in new information
Piaget’s concept of accommodation means
the modification of the child’s cognitive schemas to deal with new information
Piaget term equilibration means
the balance between assimilation and accommodation
Maturationists work with clients by
allowing them to work through early conflicts
Robert Kegan speaks of “holding environment” in counseling which
the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction
