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NCE Exam > Human Growth and Development > Flashcards

Human Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Frued’s stages of development are:

A

psychosexual

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2
Q

Erik Erikson’s stages of development are ___

A

psychosocial

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3
Q

Ego psychologists believe

A

in man’s power of reasoning to control behavior

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4
Q

Psychodynamic theories focus on

A

unconscious process rather than cognitive factors. (ie, frued focused on the id: seat of sex and agression, only concerned with the body)

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5
Q

Which psychoanalyst created the only developmental theory that encompasses the entire life span?

A

Erik Erikson

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6
Q

Describe Frued’s development theory

A

final stage begins at age 12 and continues throughout one’s life span.

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7
Q

What is William Perry known for?

A

his ideas related to adult cognitive development-especially regarding college students

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8
Q

Define dualistic thinking and which theorist stresses the concept

A

common to teens in which things are either good or bad, right or wrong. AKA black and white thinking with little to no ambiguity. William Perry

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9
Q

Define relativistic thinking

A

as teens enter adulthood, can see not everything is black and white. an answer may be relative to a specific situation

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10
Q

Robert Kegan’s model of development

A

known in the area of adult cognitive development. theory is a constructive model of development, meaning individuals construct reality throughout the life span

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11
Q

Jean Piaget’s four stages of development are (in order):

A

sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

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12
Q

Jean Paiget said that his four stages of development: remain in the same order or vary by individual

A

Remain in the same order regardless of culture though age may vary

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13
Q

What is often criticized about Jean Piaget’s work?

A

Most of his research was done by observing his own children

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14
Q

What is the concept of conservation according to Piaget

A

notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape

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15
Q

What is the concept of reversibility according to Piaget

A

notion that some things that have been changed can be restored to their original condition (ie, water to ice back to water)

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16
Q

according to piaget, at what stage does the individual master conservation and reversibility?

A

concrete operations

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17
Q

Which theorist expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development?

A

Lawrence Kohlberg, leading theorist in moral development

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18
Q

Which theorist disagreed with Piaget’s notion that developmental stages occurred naturally? What did they think instead?

A

Lev Vygotsky. Claimed stages unfold due to educational intervention

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19
Q

Define Piaget’s concept egocentrism

A

means the child is not able to view the world from the vantage point of someone else

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20
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested how many levels or morality and name them

A

three: preconventional, conventional, postconventional

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21
Q

What is the Heinz dilemma? Which theorist created it?

A

method used by Lawrence Kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual

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22
Q

Identity crisis comes from the work of

A

Eric Erikson

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23
Q

What “RS” issues

A

religious and spiritual

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24
Q

Kohlberg’s preconventional stage

A

reward and punishment (selfish motives) greatly influence behavior.

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25
Q

Kohlberg’s conventional stage

A

individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and even the nation

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26
Q

Kohlberg’s postconventional morality

A

individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity and equality of human rights. individual creates their own moral principles rather than those set by society or family. Kohlberg felt many people never reach this level

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27
Q

Eric Erikson’s stages of development

A
  1. trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt 3. initiative vs guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority 5. identity vs. confusion 6. intimacy vs. isolation 7. generativity vs. stagnation 8. integrity vs. despair
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28
Q

Harry Stack Sullivan’s stages of development

A

infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, late adolescence

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29
Q

zone of proximal development

A

describes difference between a child’s performance without a teacher vs what they are capable of with an instructor. pioneered by vygotsky

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30
Q

maturation theory

A

hypothesizes behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors but certain behaviors will not manifest until necessary stimuli are present in the environment.

31
Q

John Bowlby, British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with

A

bonding and attachment

32
Q

Which researcher is known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys

A

Harry Harlow

33
Q

When does conformity seem to peak?

A

early teens

34
Q

Frued postulated the psychosexual stages:

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

35
Q

Frued’s structural theory of the mind includes:

A

id, ego, superego

36
Q

In adolescence (males or females) commit suicide more often, but (males or females) attempt suicide more often

A

Males Females

37
Q

T or F: suicide rates tend to increase with age

A

True

38
Q

During which of Erikson’s stages is fear of death typically greatest?

A

middle age

39
Q

Stanley Coopersmith discovered what in his reserach on child rearing?

A

Child rearing methods have a great impact on self esteem. Kids w/ high self esteem were punished as often as those with low self esteem. Difference is high self esteem kids understood the punishment. Emphasis was on behavior being bad, not the child

40
Q

Stage theorists assume

A

qualitative changes between stages occur

41
Q

Development is

A

a continuous process that begins at conception

42
Q

Development is cephalocaudal which means

A

head to foot

43
Q

Name and describe what occurs in Piaget’s final stage

A

Formal Operational Stage: abstract thinking and problems can be solved using deduction

44
Q

Kohlberg’s first level and stages

A

Preconventional 1. punishment/obedience orientation 2. native hedonism (instrumental or egotistic orientation)

45
Q

Kohlberg names ___ stages of moral development which fall into ___ levels

A

6; 3

46
Q

Kohlberg’s second level and stages

A

Conventional 3. good boy/girl orientation 4. authority, law, order orientation (concerned with rules of family, society)

47
Q

Kohlberg’s third level and stages

A

Post conventional 5. democratically accepted law or “social contract” 6. principles of self-conscience and universal ethics. person accepts their own moral principles

48
Q

In girls, the oedipus complex may be referred to as

A

the Electra complex

49
Q

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing

A

an apparatus known as a visual cliff

50
Q

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as

A

empiricists

51
Q

Empiricism is often said to be the forerunner of

A

behaviorism

52
Q

Through studying monkeys, Harlow discovered

A

contact is even more important than milk

53
Q

Theorists who believe developmental strides are qualitative are called

A

organicists/ position is called organicism

54
Q

according to piaget, children develop object permanence in which stage

A

sensorimotor stage (first stage)

55
Q

mother hides toy behind her back. child believes toy does not exist any more. child has not mastered__

A

object permanence and representational thought

56
Q

Harlow’s experiments demonstrated animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life ___

A

appeared to be autistic

57
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, fixation means

A

the individual is unable to go from one developmental stage to the next. person stays in stage where they feel safe. emotional development stops even if physical or cognitive development continues

58
Q

A counselor who uses the term instinctual technically means

A

behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species.

59
Q

The term ethology is associated with the work of which theorist and means:

A

Konrad Lorenz; the study of animals’ behavior in their natural environment

60
Q

what is comparative psychology?

A

laboratory research using animals in attempts to generalize the findings to humans

61
Q

Konrad Lorenz is best known for his work on

A

the process of imprinting - instinctual behavior in animals in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters

62
Q

What is Piaget’s concept of centration

A

occurs in the preoperational stage. characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object or situation while not noticing the rest of it

63
Q

Bowlby named the sequence of object loss which is

A

protest, despair, detachment

64
Q

Elementary school counseling and guidance services are

A

fairly new and began gaining momentum in the 1960s

65
Q

Three reasons for slow development of elementary school counseling

A
  1. people believed teachers could double as counselors 2. counseling was conceptualized as focusing on vocational issues which is not an issue in elementary 3. secondary schools utilized social workers and psychologists
66
Q

Freud felt morality develops from the

A

superego

67
Q

Which theorist would most likely say that aggression is an inborn tendency

A

Konrad Lorenz

68
Q

To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow

A

interviewed the best people he could find who escaped “the psychology of the average”

69
Q

Piaget is what type of theorist

A

a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative

70
Q

Piaget’s concept of assimilation means

A

taking in new information

71
Q

Piaget’s concept of accommodation means

A

the modification of the child’s cognitive schemas to deal with new information

72
Q

Piaget term equilibration means

A

the balance between assimilation and accommodation

73
Q

Maturationists work with clients by

A

allowing them to work through early conflicts

74
Q

Robert Kegan speaks of “holding environment” in counseling which

A

the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction

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