Human Growth and Development

Question 1

Frued’s stages of development are:

Answer 1

psychosexual

Question 2

Erik Erikson’s stages of development are ___

Answer 2

psychosocial

Question 3

Ego psychologists believe

Answer 3

in man’s power of reasoning to control behavior

Question 4

Psychodynamic theories focus on

Answer 4

unconscious process rather than cognitive factors. (ie, frued focused on the id: seat of sex and agression, only concerned with the body)

Question 5

Which psychoanalyst created the only developmental theory that encompasses the entire life span?

Answer 5

Erik Erikson

Question 6

Describe Frued’s development theory

Answer 6

final stage begins at age 12 and continues throughout one’s life span.

Question 7

What is William Perry known for?

Answer 7

his ideas related to adult cognitive development-especially regarding college students

Question 8

Define dualistic thinking and which theorist stresses the concept

Answer 8

common to teens in which things are either good or bad, right or wrong. AKA black and white thinking with little to no ambiguity. William Perry

Question 9

Define relativistic thinking

Answer 9

as teens enter adulthood, can see not everything is black and white. an answer may be relative to a specific situation

Question 10

Robert Kegan’s model of development

Answer 10

known in the area of adult cognitive development. theory is a constructive model of development, meaning individuals construct reality throughout the life span

Question 11

Jean Piaget’s four stages of development are (in order):

Answer 11

sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

Question 12

Jean Paiget said that his four stages of development: remain in the same order or vary by individual

Answer 12

Remain in the same order regardless of culture though age may vary

Question 13

What is often criticized about Jean Piaget’s work?

Answer 13

Most of his research was done by observing his own children

Question 14

What is the concept of conservation according to Piaget

Answer 14

notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape

Question 15

What is the concept of reversibility according to Piaget

Answer 15

notion that some things that have been changed can be restored to their original condition (ie, water to ice back to water)

Question 16

according to piaget, at what stage does the individual master conservation and reversibility?

Answer 16

concrete operations

Question 17

Which theorist expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development?

Answer 17

Lawrence Kohlberg, leading theorist in moral development

Question 18

Which theorist disagreed with Piaget’s notion that developmental stages occurred naturally? What did they think instead?

Answer 18

Lev Vygotsky. Claimed stages unfold due to educational intervention

Question 19

Define Piaget’s concept egocentrism

Answer 19

means the child is not able to view the world from the vantage point of someone else

Question 20

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested how many levels or morality and name them

Answer 20

three: preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Question 21

What is the Heinz dilemma? Which theorist created it?

Answer 21

method used by Lawrence Kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual

Question 22

Identity crisis comes from the work of

Answer 22

Eric Erikson

Question 23

What “RS” issues

Answer 23

religious and spiritual

Question 24

Kohlberg’s preconventional stage

Answer 24

reward and punishment (selfish motives) greatly influence behavior.

Question 25

Kohlberg's conventional stage

Answer 25

individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and even the nation

Question 26

Kohlberg's postconventional morality

Answer 26

individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity and equality of human rights. individual creates their own moral principles rather than those set by society or family. Kohlberg felt many people never reach this level

Question 27

Eric Erikson's stages of development

Answer 27

1. trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt 3. initiative vs guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority 5. identity vs. confusion 6. intimacy vs. isolation 7. generativity vs. stagnation 8. integrity vs. despair

Question 28

Harry Stack Sullivan's stages of development

Answer 28

infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, late adolescence

Question 29

zone of proximal development

Answer 29

describes difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs what they are capable of with an instructor. pioneered by vygotsky

Question 30

maturation theory

Answer 30

hypothesizes behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors but certain behaviors will not manifest until necessary stimuli are present in the environment.

Question 31

John Bowlby, British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with

Answer 31

bonding and attachment

Question 32

Which researcher is known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys

Answer 32

Harry Harlow

Question 33

When does conformity seem to peak?

Answer 33

early teens

Question 34

Frued postulated the psychosexual stages:

Answer 34

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 35

Frued's structural theory of the mind includes:

Answer 35

id, ego, superego

Question 36

In adolescence (males or females) commit suicide more often, but (males or females) attempt suicide more often

Answer 36

Males Females

Question 37

T or F: suicide rates tend to increase with age

Answer 37

True

Question 38

During which of Erikson's stages is fear of death typically greatest?

Answer 38

middle age

Question 39

Stanley Coopersmith discovered what in his reserach on child rearing?

Answer 39

Child rearing methods have a great impact on self esteem. Kids w/ high self esteem were punished as often as those with low self esteem. Difference is high self esteem kids understood the punishment. Emphasis was on behavior being bad, not the child

Question 40

Stage theorists assume

Answer 40

qualitative changes between stages occur

Question 41

Development is

Answer 41

a continuous process that begins at conception

Question 42

Development is cephalocaudal which means

Answer 42

head to foot

Question 43

Name and describe what occurs in Piaget's final stage

Answer 43

Formal Operational Stage: abstract thinking and problems can be solved using deduction

Question 44

Kohlberg's first level and stages

Answer 44

Preconventional 1. punishment/obedience orientation 2. native hedonism (instrumental or egotistic orientation)

Question 45

Kohlberg names ___ stages of moral development which fall into ___ levels

Answer 45

6; 3

Question 46

Kohlberg's second level and stages

Answer 46

Conventional 3. good boy/girl orientation 4. authority, law, order orientation (concerned with rules of family, society)

Question 47

Kohlberg's third level and stages

Answer 47

Post conventional 5. democratically accepted law or "social contract" 6. principles of self-conscience and universal ethics. person accepts their own moral principles

Question 48

In girls, the oedipus complex may be referred to as

Answer 48

the Electra complex

Question 49

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing

Answer 49

an apparatus known as a visual cliff

Question 50

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as

Answer 50

empiricists

Question 51

Empiricism is often said to be the forerunner of

Answer 51

behaviorism

Question 52

Through studying monkeys, Harlow discovered

Answer 52

contact is even more important than milk

Question 53

Theorists who believe developmental strides are qualitative are called

Answer 53

organicists/ position is called organicism

Question 54

according to piaget, children develop object permanence in which stage

Answer 54

sensorimotor stage (first stage)

Question 55

mother hides toy behind her back. child believes toy does not exist any more. child has not mastered__

Answer 55

object permanence and representational thought

Question 56

Harlow's experiments demonstrated animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life ___

Answer 56

appeared to be autistic

Question 57

In psychoanalytic theory, fixation means

Answer 57

the individual is unable to go from one developmental stage to the next. person stays in stage where they feel safe. emotional development stops even if physical or cognitive development continues

Question 58

A counselor who uses the term instinctual technically means

Answer 58

behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species.

Question 59

The term ethology is associated with the work of which theorist and means:

Answer 59

Konrad Lorenz; the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment

Question 60

what is comparative psychology?

Answer 60

laboratory research using animals in attempts to generalize the findings to humans

Question 61

Konrad Lorenz is best known for his work on

Answer 61

the process of imprinting - instinctual behavior in animals in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters

Question 62

What is Piaget's concept of centration

Answer 62

occurs in the preoperational stage. characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object or situation while not noticing the rest of it

Question 63

Bowlby named the sequence of object loss which is

Answer 63

protest, despair, detachment

Question 64

Elementary school counseling and guidance services are

Answer 64

fairly new and began gaining momentum in the 1960s

Question 65

Three reasons for slow development of elementary school counseling

Answer 65

1. people believed teachers could double as counselors 2. counseling was conceptualized as focusing on vocational issues which is not an issue in elementary 3. secondary schools utilized social workers and psychologists

Question 66

Freud felt morality develops from the

Answer 66

superego

Question 67

Which theorist would most likely say that aggression is an inborn tendency

Answer 67

Konrad Lorenz

Question 68

To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow

Answer 68

interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average"

Question 69

Piaget is what type of theorist

Answer 69

a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative

Question 70

Piaget's concept of assimilation means

Answer 70

taking in new information

Question 71

Piaget's concept of accommodation means

Answer 71

the modification of the child's cognitive schemas to deal with new information

Question 72

Piaget term equilibration means

Answer 72

the balance between assimilation and accommodation

Question 73

Maturationists work with clients by

Answer 73

allowing them to work through early conflicts

Question 74

Robert Kegan speaks of "holding environment" in counseling which

Answer 74

the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction