Human Growth And Development Flashcards
Trust versus Mistrust
Birth to 1 year children begin to learn the ability to trust others based upon consistency of their caregivers.
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
Ages 1-3: children begin to assert their independence by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with, and making choices.
Initiative versus Guilt
Age 3-6: children assert themselves more frequently, planning activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others
Industry versus Inferiority
Age 6-Puberty: children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments
Identity versus Role Confusion
The transition from childhood to adulthood is most important. They explore possibilities and form their own identities.
Intimacy versus Isolation
Young adulthood: individuals begin to share themselves more intimately with others and explore relationships leading towards long term commitments.
Generativity versus Stagnation
Middle adulthood- adults establish careers, settle down within relationships, begin families, and develop the sense of the bigger picture
Ego Integrity versus despair
Older adults: contemplating accomplishments and developing a sense of integrity if they are satisfied with their lives
6 levels of Cognition
Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
Cognitive development theory
Jean Piaget: how humans acquire knowledge, children learn through interaction with the environment and others.
Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (0-2years)
Preoperational (2-7years)
Concrete operations (7-11years)
Formal operations (11-maturity)
Kholbergs stages of moral development
Preconventional (before age 9)
Conventional (early adolescence)
Postconventional (adult)
Four orientations of Learning Theory
Behaviorist (Pavlov, Skinner)
Cognitive (Piaget)
Humanistic (Maslow)
Social/Situational (Bandura)
Respondent behavior
Involuntary behavior such as anxiety that is automatically elicited by a certain behavior
Operant behavior
Voluntary behavior such as walking or talking that is controlled by its consequences in the environment
Aversion therapy
Any treatment aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a stimulus or a behavior by repeated pairing of it with an aversive stimulus- alcoholism with Antabuse
Biofeedback
Behavior training program that teaches a person how to control certain functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and muscular tension. Used for ADHD and Anxiety
Extinction
Withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior. Behavior that fails to produce reinforcement with eventually cease.
Flooding
A treatment procedure in which a clients anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high intensity feared stimuli
In vivo desensitization
Pairing and movement through a hierarchy of anxiety from least to most anxiety provoking situations, in a real setting
Modeling
Method of instruction that involves an individual demonstrating the behavior to be acquired by the client
Rational emotive therapy (RET)
Cognitively oriented therapy in which a social worker seeks to change a clients irrational beliefs by argument, persuasion, and rational reevaluation and by teaching a client to counter self defeating thinking with new, nondistressing self statements
Shaping
Method used to train a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior
Systematic desensitization
An anxiety inhibiting response cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety response. Anxiety producing stimulus is paired with relaxation producing response so that eventually an anxiety producing stimulus produces a relaxation response.
Cultural identity
Identity of a group or culture of an individual who is influenced by his or her self identification with that group or culture
Physiological needs
Food, water, oxygen, constant body temperature
Social needs
Friendship, intimacy, affection, love from friends, family, etc.
Esteem needs
Stable, firmly based level of self-respect and respect from others
Self actualization needs
Need to be oneself, to act consistently with whom one is
Authoritarian Parenting
Children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents, failure to follow these rules results in punishment.
Authoritative Parenting
Establish rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow, but are responsive to their children and willing to listen to questions.
Permissive Parenting
Very few demands on their children. They rarely discipline their children and are generally nurturing and communicative with their children like a friend.
Uninvolved Parenting
Few demands, low responsiveness, and little communication. Meets basic needs but detached from children’s lives.
Defense mechanisms
Behaviors that protect people from anxiety. Automatic and involuntary.
Acting Out
Emotional conflict is dealt with through actions rather than feelings
EX: instead of talking about feeling neglected, a person will get into trouble to get attention
Compensation
Enables one to make up for real or fancied deficiencies
EX: a short man assumes a cocky, overbearing manner
Conversion
Repressed urge is expressed as a disturbance of body function, usually of the sensory, voluntary nervous system (pain, deafness, tics)
Decompensation
Deterioration of existing defenses
Denial
Primitive defense, inability to acknowledge true significance of thoughts, feelings, wishes, behavior, or external reality factors that are consciously intolerable
Devaluation
Used by people with BPD in which they attribute exaggerated negative qualities to self or another
Dissociation
Process the enables a person to split mental functions in a manner that allows him or her to express forbidden or unconscious impulses without taking responsibility for the action, due to not remembering it or it is not experienced as their own (amnesia)
Displacement
Directing an impulse, wish, or feeling toward a person or situation that is not it’s real object, permitting expression in a less threatening situation
EX: a man angry at his boss kicks his dog
Idealization
Overestimation of an admired aspect or attribute of another
Identification with the aggressor
Mastering anxiety by identifying with a powerful aggressor to counteract feelings of helplessness and to feel powerful oneself.
EX: abusing others after being abused themselves
Incorporation
Primitive mechanism in which psychic representation of a person is figuratively ingested
Inhibition
Loss of motivation to engage in activity avoided because it might stir up conflict over forbidden impulses
Introjection
Loved or hated external objects are symbolically absorbed within self
EX: severe depression, unacceptable hatred is turned towards self
Intellectualization
Person avoids uncomfortable emotions by focusing on facts and logic.
Isolation of affect
Unacceptable impulse, idea, or act is separated from its original memory source, thereby removing the original emotional charge associated with it
Projection
Attributing ones disowned attitudes, wishes, feelings, to some external object or person
Projective identification
Used by people eith BPD, unconsciously perceiving others’ behavior as a reflection of one’s own identity
Rationalization
Giving believable explanation for irrational behavior, motivated by unacceptable unconscious wishes
Reaction formation
Person adopts affects, ideas, attitudes, or behaviors that are opposites of those they harbor unconsciously or consciously.
EX: being excessively sweet to mask unconscious anger
Regression
Partial or symbolic return to more infantile patterns of reacting or thinking
EX: dependency during illness
Repression
Expressed by amnesia or symptomatic forgetting serving to banish unacceptable ideas, fantasies, or impulses from consciousness
