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Rosenthal Ch. 3 - Human Dev > Human Growth and Development > Flashcards

Human Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Name Freud’s Stages

A
  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Latency
  5. Genital

-only anxious people love goats (link to Freud because goats are horny and Freud was obsessed with sex)

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2
Q

Adjective for Freudian stages

A

psychosexual

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3
Q

Adjective for Erikson’s stages

A

psychosocial

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4
Q

psychodiagnostic - what is it

A

study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal clues; can also mean the counselor uses the aforementioned factors or tests to assign a DSM diagnosis

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5
Q

Psychopharmacology - what is it

A

studies the effects of medications or drugs on psychological functions

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6
Q

ego psychologists believe in man’s power of __ to control ___

A

power of reasoning to control behaviors

they emphasize the ego and the power of control

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7
Q

psychodynamic theories focus on ___ rather than ___

A

unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors

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8
Q

to say that the ___ is the bad boy of Freudian psychology is to put it mildly!

A

id

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9
Q

the id is the seat of ___ and ___.

A

sex, aggression

It is not rational or logical; it is void of time and orientation

It is chaotic and concerned only with the body, not with the outside world

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10
Q

Freud emphasized the importance fo the ___ whereas Erikson stressed ___ functions

A

id (Freud)

ego (Erikson)

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11
Q

Describe ego

A

logical, rational, utilizes reasoning and control to keep impulses in check

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12
Q

describe superego

A

moralistic, idealistic

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13
Q

radical behaviorists do not believe in:

A

mental constructs like “the mind” or consciousness; behaviorists generally fell that if it can’t be measured, it doesn’t exist

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14
Q

only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory that encompasses the entire lifespan is:

A

Erik Erikson

(Freud’s latency stage technically covers 12-death, but many scholars do not feel that Freud’s theory truly covers the entire lifespan)

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15
Q

Erikson was a disciple of

A

Freud

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16
Q

of erikson stages; each one has a what?

A

8, psychosocial crisis/turning point

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17
Q

A. A. Brill keywords

A

analytic, career theory

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18
Q

Milton E. Erickson keywords

A

brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis

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19
Q

Piaget keywords

A

cognitive development in children

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20
Q

Piaget # of cognitive dev. stages and what are they based on

A

4, epigenesis

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21
Q

Define epigenesis

A

the notion that successfully completing a previous stage is necessary for the stages that transpire next

Process is systematic and follows a given order

***More recently, the definition has focused on the fact that environmental factors can influence gene expression

Memory: term borrowed from embryology; an embryo has to successfully complete stages of dev to move on to the next

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22
Q

id is called the ___ principle; ego is called the ___ principle

A

pleasure (id), reality (ego)

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23
Q

Jay Haley keywords

A

strategic and problem-solving tx, often utilizing the strategy of paradox

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24
Q

Arnold Lazarus keywords

A

pioneer in the behavior tx movement, systematic desensitization

today, his name is associated with multimodal tx

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25
Q

William Perry keywords

A

adult cognitive development, esp. with college students

these idiots favor dualistic thinking, which is common in teens (things are good/bad, right/wrong, black/white)

college students assume the prof has “the answer”

adulthood: relativistic thinking (ie the ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation; there is more than one way to view the world)

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26
Q

Robert Kegan keywords

A

adult cognitive dev

stresses interpersonal development; his theory is billed as a “constructive model of development”

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27
Q

constructive model of dev - define

A

individual construct reality throughout the lifespan

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28
Q

List Piaget’s 4 stages

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperations
  3. Concrete Operations
  4. Formal Operations

SPCF - Piaget’s Stinky Poops can Fester

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29
Q

Piaget’s theory is ___ (adj)

A

idiographic

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30
Q

define idiographic approaches

A

they examine individuals (not groups) in depth

(eg Freud, Piaget)

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31
Q

opposite of idiographic approach (and define)

A

nomothetic - large #s of people are studied to create general principles that apply to the population

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32
Q

Piaget was adamant that:

A

the order of the stages remains the same for every culture, although the age of the individuals can very

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33
Q

Memory device for order of Piaget’s stages

A

first one if sensorimotor because babies are idiots who can only sense and move

last stage if formal because adults are formal

remaining two are preoperations and concrete operations – pre comes first

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34
Q

Piaget’s research methods were very ___ (adj)

A

informal (aka illegitimate…)

He used studies with his children

Used random games

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35
Q

t test - define

A

parametric statistical test used in formal experiments to determine whether there is a significant difference between two groups (technically: whether the MEANS of two groups are SIGNIFICANTLY different)

to use a t test, the groups must be normally distributed

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36
Q

conservation - define

A

the notion that a substance’s WEIGHT, MASS OR VOLUME remain the same even if it changes shape

eg. pouring water from tall skinny pitcher to squat small pitcher; cutting pie into different # of slices

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37
Q

Piaget - a child learns conservation and reversibility in which stage

A

concrete operational (7-11)

Memory trick: Conservation and the ability to Count mentally (w/o matching something up to something else physically) both happen in Concrete operational stage - CCC

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38
Q

define symbolic schema per Piaget

A

cognitive structure that grows with life experience

a schema is simply a system that permits a child to test out things in the physical world

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39
Q

Piaget’s research on notions like conservation are supported by:

What is the order of understanding concepts of volume, weight, mass

A

David Elkind

Mass is most easily understood
Then weight
Then volume

Memory - Piaget is child development’s Most Waluable Player

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40
Q

Child masters conservation in what stage + age range

A

Concrete operations (7-11)

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41
Q

Who expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral dev

A

Lawrence Kohlberg - perhaps the leading theorist on moral dev

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42
Q

What did Vygotsky disagree with Piaget about

A

He did not believe that children’s dev stages take place naturally. He insisted that the stages unfold due to educational intervention.

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43
Q

What did Kohlberg use to determine a child’s level of moral dev

A

stories

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44
Q

Kohlberg’s, Erikson’s, Piaget’s and Maslow’s theories are said to be (adj)

A

epigenetic

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45
Q

Who is the “father of American behaviorism”, coined the term behaviorism, and when

A

John Watson, 1912

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46
Q

What is reversibility per Piaget

A

one can undo an action, hence an object (eg glass of water) can return to its initial shape

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47
Q

PROTOTYPE QUESTION

6 year old says “the rain is following me”

This is an example of

A

egocentrism

Egocentrism is NOT selfishness

It IS the inability to view the world from the vantage point of another person

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48
Q

How many levels of morality for Kohlberg

A

3

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49
Q

What are Kohlberg’s levels of morality

A

Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional (ie personal integrity or morality of self-accepted principles level)

Memory: Mr. Morals went to the PCP CONVENTION and died.

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50
Q

Each Kohlberg LEVEL can be broken down into how many STAGES

A

3 levels, 2 stages each

Memory - imagine 3 levels of a house with 2 theater stages on each

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51
Q

What was the Heinz dilemma

A

Kohlberg used the story to test children’s level of morality

(sick wife, man steals medicine)

The REASON for the decision rather than the decision itself determined which level/stage he assigned themwh

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52
Q

who was the father of psychoanalysis

A

freud

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53
Q

who was the father of analytic psychology

A

jung

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54
Q

What does the Menninger Psychiatric Clinic do

A

landmark site for biofeedback

“a traditional psychoanalytic foothold”

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55
Q

what is biofeedback

A

technique used to help individuals learn to control bodily processes (eg heart rate, breathing) more effectively using electronic devices

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56
Q

identity crisis comes from which theorist and occurs in which stage

A

erikson

Identity v. role confusion (teens)

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57
Q

what does “RS” refer to in psychology

A

religious/spiritual

of counselors who work on RS issues or consider themselves spiritual/religious is climbing

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58
Q

RS factors are often examined by counselors who are attempting to integrate the practice of ___ into their work

A

positive psychology

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59
Q

Who coined and who popularized positive psychology

A

Maslow and Martin Seligman

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60
Q

Seligman also pioneered what concept

A

learned helplessness

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61
Q

describe positive psychology

A

focuses on human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, ability to love, happiness

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62
Q

What school did Alfred Adler found and what concept did he pioneer

A

Individual Psychology

Inferiority complex

Memory - Adler -> Irene -> three Is (individual, inferiority, Irene)

Irene is also very individualistic

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63
Q

Describe Kohlberg’s 3 levels

A

Preconventional: child responds to consequences, rewards, and punishments (selfish motives)

Conventional: individual wants to meet standards of society, family, nation; wants to conform

Postconventional/self-accepted morals: concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, equality of human rights; a person create their own moral principles rather than those set by society/fam/etc

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64
Q

Kohberg believed many people ___ reach level 3

A

never

his finding: less than 40% of middle class, urban males reach level 3

People who did: socrates, MLK jr, ghandi

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65
Q

Harry Stack Sullivan

What is his theory called and what are the stages

A

Psychiatry of interpersonal relations

Infancy
Childhood
Juvenile era
Preadolescence
Early Adolescence
Late adolescence

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66
Q

Sullivan, like Erikson, focused on what

A

interpersonal issues and sociocultural demands (biological determination less important)

they are both psychoSOCIAL

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67
Q

what is erikson’s 8th stage and when does it start

A

integrity v despair, age 60

A person who mastered all 8 stages feels a sense of integrity in that their life has been worthwhile

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68
Q

each erikson stage has 2 ___ ___ and one ___

A

opposing tendencies (erikson did not imply that the person either totally succeeds or fails; they lean toward a given alternative such as integrity or despair)

psychosocial crisis (ie turning point)

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69
Q

in kohlbergs preconventional level, individual’s moral behavior is guided by

A

consequences

a treat or the removal of a toy is more important than society expectations or law

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70
Q

define fugue state

A

amnesia that causes a person to leave home, usually with the intent of changing their identity or job

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71
Q

define counterconditioning

A

a behaviorist technique for weakening or eliminating a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response

eg. systematic desensitization

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72
Q

In Kohlberg’s second level, conventional, people want to do what two things and why

A

live up to society’s expectations & conform

Goal: law and order can prevail

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73
Q

Kohlberg’s 3rd level, postconventional/self-accepted morals level, has also been called

A

prior to society perspective

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74
Q

List Kohlberg STAGES for preconventional level + age range

A

< 6/7ish

  1. obedience/avoiding punishment: obey rules to avoid punishment
  2. self-interest (“naive hedonism”): interest shifts to rewards rather than punishment; efforts are focused on securing greatest benefit for self

“If I am nice to people, I will get what I want.”

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75
Q

List Kohlberg STAGES for conventional level + age range

A

7-12/13ish

  1. good boy/good girl attitude (“conformity and social accord”): efforts are made to secure approval and maintain good relations with others in order to achieve recognition
  2. law and order morality: oriented to fixed rules; efforts are made to preserve social order; conforms to avoid trouble with authorities
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76
Q

List Kohlberg STAGES for post conventional level + age range

A

13+

  1. social contract: individual rights emphasized; conforms to maintain communities; efforts focused on mutuality, reciprocity, and rules that make life better for everyone
  2. principle: individual principles of conscience; morality is based on principles that transcend mutual benefit
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77
Q

who pioneered zone of proximal development and what is it

A

Lev Vygotsky

The ZPD describes the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is able to achieve with a trusted instructor

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78
Q

organ inferiority is a concept from

A

afred adler

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79
Q

Name 3 maturationists

A

Freud, Erikson, Arnold Gesell

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80
Q

define maturation theory/hypothesis

A

development is guided by hereditary factors but certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment

e.g. a child must be ready before she can accept a certain level of education (eg kindergarten)

the person’s neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold (pig newtons!!)

a counselor who believes in this concept strives to unleash inborn abilities, instincts, and drives

client’s childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics

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81
Q

DBT pioneered by who and which presenting concerns is it helpful for

A

Marsha Linehan

(suicidal ideation, self injury, SU, BPD)

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82
Q

John Bowlby (british psychiatrist) studied what

A

bonding and attachment

BB: Bowlby Bonding

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83
Q

describe Arnold Gesell

A

pioneer in terms of using one-way mirror for studying children

was pediatrician

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84
Q

Bowlby saw bonding as having survival value aka ___

A

adaptive significance

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85
Q

Bowlby: in order to have a normal social life, child must bond with an adult before age

If the bond is severed at an early age, it results in ___

A

3

object loss, the breeding ground for abnormal behavior; child would later be incapable of having normal social relationships

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86
Q

Margaret Mahler calls the child’s absolute dependence on the female caretaker ___

A

symbiosis

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87
Q

What is Mahler’s theory called and what does it posit

A

separation-individual theory

difficulties in the symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis

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88
Q

Erik believed midlife crisis happens in which stage

A

generativity v. stagnation

approx. age 35-45 for men
30-35 for women
(when the person realizes life is half over)

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89
Q

how does erikson define generativity

A

the ability to be productive and happy BY LOOKING OUTSIDE ONESELF AND BEING CONCERNED WITH OTHER PEOPLE

(some refer to this stage as generativity v. self-absorption)

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90
Q

describe harry harlow

A

worked with rhesus monkeys to study maternal deprivation

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91
Q

harlow believed attachment is an:

A

INNATE tendency and not learned

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92
Q

rhesus monkeys placed in isolation developed:

A

autistic and abnormal behavior

(when these monkeys were placed in cages with normally reared monkeys some remission of the dysfunctional behavior was noted)

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93
Q

Describe rene spitz

A

studied children reared in impersonal institutions (hence experienced maternal deprivation between 6 mo-8 mo). They:

cried more,
had problems sleeping,
and had more health issues

they eventually had great difficulty forming close relationships

she called this “anaclitic depression”

this supports harlow’s findings

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94
Q

describe eleanor maccoby and carol jacklin

A

studied gender differences

found very few differences that could be attributed to genetics and bio factors

found that where males outperformed women in mathematics, they did not do so until high school or college

this suggests that the major impetus for sex-role differences may come from child-rearing patterns rather than bodily chemistry

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95
Q

intimacy v. isolation

age range
what is the major objective

A

23-34

sharing your life with another person

(an individual who does not do well in this stage may conclude that she cannot depend on anyone but herself)

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96
Q

conformity appears to peak in ___ (period of life)

A

early teens

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97
Q

what kind of mother did harlow’s rhesus monkeys prefer (wire v. terry cloth)

A

terry, even though the wire mothers dispensed milk

he concluded “contact comfort” is important in the development of an infant’s attachment

1.5 hours per day were spent with wire, 16 hours with terry

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98
Q

what is a “releaser stimulus” per bowlby

A

in humans, the parents act as a releaser stimulus to elicit relief from hunger and tension through holding

(this is how he would describe harlow’s findings; the terry cloth mother served as a releaser stimulus)

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99
Q

name freud’s stages

A

oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital

only anxious people love goats; goats are horny and so is freudn

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100
Q

what is freud’s structural theory of the mind

A

mind is composed of id, ego, superego

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101
Q

define freud’s eros and thanatos

A

eros: life instinct
thanatos: self-destructive/death instinct

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102
Q

define freud’s regression

A

returning to an earlier stage of development

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103
Q

manifest v. latent in psychoanalysis

A

refer to nature of dreams

manifest content: dream material as it is presented to the dreamer
latent content: hidden meaning of the dream, much more important to psychoanalysts

104
Q

males complete suicide __ often than girls (this applies to nearly all age brackets)

females attempt suicide __ often than males

A

more for both

this is likely because males use firearms more often

105
Q

suicide is the ___th leading cause of death in the US

for teens, it’s # ___

A

10th-11th

2nd-3rd

106
Q

the vast majority of people who have killed themselves have done what?

A

communicated their intent to do so in some manner

107
Q

suicide rates tend to do what with age

A

increase

108
Q

suicidal clients often make attempts when?

A

AFTER the depression begins to lift!

109
Q

the overall suicide rate in the US is ___ in 100,000

A

12

110
Q

personality measures such as the MMPI2 and rorschach are __ predictors for suicide and suicide attempts

A

poor

test profiles of suicidal individuals are not distinguishable from those who aren’t

111
Q

the fear of death is greatest in what age group

A

middle age

(per Erikson, people in the final stage of life have accepted the finality of life better than people in their middle years)

112
Q

oral stage years

A

birth - 1 year

113
Q

during which freudian stage is attachment a major factor

A

oral

bonding takes place early in life

114
Q

in comparing boys to girls, it has been noted that girls do what 3 things more often

A

smile

use feeling words

read people more accurately without
verbal cues at any age

115
Q

in comparing boys and girls, boys tend to be more ___ and ___

A

physically active

aggressive

116
Q

the freudian stage that least emphasizes sexuality is

A

latency

latency is when the child’s sexual drives are hidden and replaced by activities such as sports, learning, hobbies, etc.

(like with LATENT dream content, where the message is hidden)

117
Q

latency years

A

6-12

118
Q

which freudian stage is the only one that is NOT psychosexual in nature

A

latency

119
Q

are boys or girls punished more often

A

boys

120
Q

stanley coopersmith main finding

A

studied child-rearing

parenting styles have a huge impact on self-esteem

children with high self esteem were punished just as often as children with low

however, those with high were provided with a clear understanding of what was morally right/wrong; this was usually not the case for those with low

children with high self esteem tended to have more rules to follow

for those with high self-esteem, the emphasis was placed on the behavior being wrong, not the child

parents with high self esteem children were more democratic and heard out their child’s argument and explain the purpose of rules

coopersmith only studied middle-class boys, ages 10-12

121
Q

bf skinner was a prime mover in ___ movement

A

behaviorist psychology

122
Q

behaviorists emphasize what in the nature/nurture debate

A

the power of the environment

123
Q

today, those who apply skinnerian principles (and those of other prominent behaviorists) are called ___ clinicians

A

ABA

applied behavior analysis

124
Q

stage theorists assume

A

qualitative changes occur between stages

125
Q

development begins at ___ and is a ___ process

A

conception, continuous

eg. many developmental psychologists look at prenatal factors such as alcohol consumption

126
Q

development is cephalocaudal, which means

A

head to foot

the head of a fetus develops earlier than the legs

cephalo: related to head
caudal: related to tail

127
Q

the hereditary transmission of traits from parents to their offspring assumes what 3 things

A
  1. a “normal” person has 23 pairs of chromosomes
  2. heredity characteristics are transmitted via chromosomes
  3. genes composed of DNA contain a genetic code
128
Q

define heritability

A

the portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors

129
Q

piaget’s formal operational stage assumes a child can think ___ and use ___ logic

A

abstractly, deductive

he felt a large number of people never reach this stage

child can think of things in terms of multiple hypotheses now rather than being satisfied with one answer

130
Q

formal operational stage ages

A

11+

131
Q

after reaching formal operational stage, piaget believed the child is now:

A

ready for adulthood

132
Q

examples of abstract thinking per piaget

A

concepts like time and distance

eg. what was life like 500 years ago or how far away is 600 miles

133
Q

kohlberg lists ___ levels and ___ stages

A

3, 6

134
Q

list kohlberg’s stages

A

preconventional aka premoral
1. punishment/obedience
2. naive hedonism

conventional aka morality of conventional rules and conformity
3. good boy/good girl
4. authority, law, order

postconventional aka morality of self-accepted principles
5. democratically accepted law/social contract
6. principles of self-conscience and universal ethics

135
Q

freud’s oedipus complex/stage is the stage when what occurs

which stage does it occur

A

sexual fantasies with the opposite sex parent occurs paired with rage at the same sex parent

phallic stage, oedipus complex happens around 3-5

oediPus and Phallic both have a P

136
Q

in girls, the oedipus complex is called

A

electra complex

137
Q

after the oedipus/electra complex, the child eventually

A

relates with the same sex parent, leading to the internalization of parental values, which leads to the birth of the superego/conscience

138
Q

desensitization is a term in ___ psychology used to ameliorate ___

name 3 types

A

behavioral, anxiety

systematic

in vivo (client is exposed to an actual situation that may prove difficult/frightening)

covert (process cannot be directly observed)

139
Q

what is the most comprehensive theory of personality and therapy ever devised

A

psychoanalysis

140
Q

eleanor gibson researched what using what

A

baby dev

eg. depth perception by utilizing the visual cliff

glass sheet simulates drop off, baby crawls across
by 6 mo, most infants will not attempt it, indicating they have developed depth perception and that it is INHERENT (ie. inborn)

by 8 mo, child begins to show stranger anxiety, meaning they can discriminate between a familiar and unfamiliar person

141
Q

theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are called

A

empiricists

142
Q

empiricism (ie associationism)

came from whose philosophy?

main assertion?

emphasize what in nature v. nurture?

forerunner of what?

A

grew from locke’s philosophy in 1600s

acc to this theory, scientists can only learn from objective facts; experience is the source for acquiring knowledge; change can be measured

they emphasize the role of environment

empiricism was the forerunner of behaviorism

143
Q

organismic viewpoint

main assertions?

opposing viewpoint to what?

believe what is more important that nurture/environment?

A

there is not distinction between mind and body; believe change can be internal and therefore more qualitative than quantitative in nature

sometimes said to be empiricism’s opposing viewpoint

individuals’ actions are more important than environment in terms of development

144
Q

an empiricist view of development would be ___

A

behavioristic

145
Q

in harlow’s experiment, frightened monkeys raised via wire/cloth mothers did what

A

ran over and clung to wire/cloth surrogate mothers

WRONG ANSWERS: developed BPD traits, showed lack of emotion, became quite friendly

146
Q

what properties did harlow’s monkey like the most

A

cloth over wire
warm over cold
rocking over non-rocking

147
Q

harlow’s ultimate finding

A

contact was even more important milk

monkeys preferred cloth mother over wire mothers even when both dispensed milk

148
Q

who is an example of an organismic theorist

A

Kurt Goldstein, gestalt, emphasized holistic model

149
Q

reflexes play the greatest role in which piaget stage

A

sensorimotor

150
Q

piaget’s practical intelligence

A

“captures the gist of sensorimotor stage”

abilities developed here:
object permanence (8 mo)

concept of time (one event happens before or after another)

causality (that a hand can move an object)

smile at a face or a mask that resembles a face (2 mo)

151
Q

what other piaget skill does a child need aside from object permanence to know the ball behind the back is still there

A

representational thought

152
Q

define schema

A

mental representation of real world

153
Q

per bowlby: bonding is ___; inadequate attachment in early childhood leads to ___

A

instinctual

various forms of psychopathology, eg conduct disorder

154
Q

harlow: animals placed in ISOLATION (not raised by wire/cloth mothers) during first months of life appeared to be

A

autistic

they had trouble communicating and forming close social bonds

155
Q

freud: if a child experiences a severe trauma, they may ___ a given psychosexual stage

A

become fixated

156
Q

freud: fixation

define

A

definition: a person is unable to go from one developmental stage to the next

they become stuck at the stage where they feel safe

when life becomes too traumatic, emotional development comes to a screeching half, though physical and cognitive processes may continue at a normal pace

157
Q

an expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that

A

watching violence tends to make children more aggressive

even nursery school age children display more violence after observing violence

other research: the more we see, hear, and read about violence, the more desensitized to it we are and the more we are likely to be okay behaving violently

158
Q

define an instinctual behavior

A

a behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species; does not need to be practiced or learned

eg hunger

159
Q

ethology is often associated with whom

A

konrad lorenz

160
Q

define ethology

A

the study of animal behavior in their natural environment

161
Q

ethologists tried to explain behavior based on whose theories

modern ethologists do what

A

darwin

conduct field research with animals

162
Q

define comparative psychology

A

lab research using animals in an attempt to generalize findings to humans

163
Q

lorenz is most known for his findings on what

A

imprinting and CRITICAL PERIODS

certain behaviors must be learned during certain windows in an animal’s development; otherwise, they will never be learned at all

time when an organism is susceptible to a specific developmental process; marks importance of heredity AND environment on development

eg. language acquisition typically begins at 2 and ends at about 14

164
Q

piaget: define centration

what stage does it happen in

A

focusing on a key feature of a given object or situation without noticing the rest of it

preoperational stage

165
Q

inductive v. deductive reasoning

A

Inductive reasoning involves forming general theories from specific observations. Observing something happen repeatedly and concluding that it will happen again in the same way is an example of inductive reasoning.

Deductive reasoning (also called deduction) involves forming specific conclusions from general premises, as in: everyone in this class is an English major; Jesse is in this class; therefore, Jesse is an English major.

deduce sounds like detract+reduce, ie go from big to small

166
Q

how did piaget and barbel inhelder test egocentrism (inability to view something from anyone else’s vantage point)

A

showed children all sides of a mountain

children returned to front side

tester sat on a different side

when asked to pick a picture of what the tester was seeing, egocentric children still chose the picture of what they were seeing

167
Q

re: schooling and teachers, what did piaget believe

A

that teachers should lecture less because in concrete operational stage, children learn best via their own actions and experimentation rather than being talked at

they learn best with peers, not adults

168
Q

william glasser is the father of ___ therapy with ___ theory

A

reality therapy with choice theory

169
Q

define epistomology

A

philosophy: the study of how we know what we know

the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope

170
Q

piaget: acquiring symbolic schema happens in which stage

A

preoperational, 2 to 7

allows for language and symbolism in play to occur (eg a milk carton is a spaceship)

171
Q

erikson and freud agreed on what regarding dev stages

A

each stage needed to be resolved before moving on to next

172
Q

robert j havinghurst

A

stage theorist who studied development

proposed tasks for:

infancy-early childhood
middle childhood
adolescence
early adulthood
middle adulthood
later maturity

173
Q

jane loevinger

A

stage theorist who studied ego development via 7 stages and 2 transitions

highest level is “integrated” - similar to maslow’s self-actualization or kohlberg’s self-accepted morals

174
Q

tendency for women to wear high heels is an example of what

A

sex role socialization

175
Q

originally, differences between men and women were explained by

today, counselors (should) understand that children do what

A

biological factors

learn gender roles and identities

176
Q

sanda bem contention

A

when males and females are not guided by traditional sex roles, they are free to be more androgynous and end up more productive

she spoke out against gender stereotyping and a woman’s place being only in the home

177
Q

define negative reinforcement

A

when the removal of a (usually unwanted) stimulus increases the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur

eg getting up to avoid annoying alarm clock noises

178
Q

NEVER FORGET: ALL POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REINFORCERS DO WHAT

A

INCREASE the likelihood of behaviors

(punishment decreased likelihood of behaviors)

179
Q

define positive reinforcement

A

when the ADDITION of a stimulus strengthens or increases likelihood of a behavior

180
Q

the sequence of object loss, which goes from despair to detachment, best describes the work of

A

bowlby

181
Q

in psychoanalysis, the term “object” refers to

A

the target of one’s love

eg object loss

182
Q

in general, per Maccoby and Jacklin:

boys possess better ___ skills
girls possess better ___ skills
boys tend to be more ___ and ___

A

boys: visual-perceptual skills
girl: verbal skills
boys: active, aggressive

183
Q

per Maccoby and Jacklin, the tendency for boys to be aggressive seems to be a counterexample to what

A

their stance that tendencies are more about nuture than nature

aggression seems to be more attributable to biology

184
Q

define primal scene

A

psychoanalytic term for when a young child witnesses parents having sex or is seduced by a parent

whether real or imagined, this experience is the impetus for later neurosis

185
Q

define preconscious psychic process

A

psychoanalytic term

level between consciousness and unconsciousness

preconscious material is not conscious but can be recalled without the use of special psychoanalytic techniques

186
Q

define BASIC-ID

A

coined by arnold lazarus (behaviorist, multimodal therapy)

believes therapy should be multimodal

behavior
affective responses
sensations
imagery
cognitions
interpersonal relationships
drugs

187
Q

a preschool child’s concept of causality is said to be ___

A

animistic

188
Q

define animistic re: a child’s concept of causality

A

child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects

acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities and tendencies

189
Q

Jung’s anima vs animus

define

A

anima: female characteristics

animus: male characteristics

these are both “archetypes”

190
Q

define archetypes per jung

A

inherited unconscious factors

191
Q

define freud’s wish fulfillment

A

dreams and slips of the tongue both represent wish fulfillments

192
Q

define ego identity

A

associated with erikson’s 5th stage: ID v. role confusion

when a teen is able to integrate all of her previous roles into a single self-concept, she has achieved ego identity

inability to do so results in role confusion, then identity crisis

193
Q

elementary school counseling has been gaining momentum since what decade

A

60s

middle/junior high school counseling is even newer

194
Q

secondary school counseling has been gaining momentum since when, fueled by whose work

A

early 1900s, Frank Parsons

he set up centers to help individuals looking for work

195
Q

3 key reasons for the slow development of elementary school counseling

A
  1. the majority of people believed the school teachers can double as counselors
  2. counseling was conceptualized as focusing on vocational issues (this is not as relevant for elementary school kids)
  3. secondary schools had social workers and psychologists who could intervene if issues were still present by that age
196
Q

which school age group do we know the least about

A

middle/junior high

(except the fact that these children, age 10-14, have more anxiety than their elementary or high school counterparts)

197
Q

what is considered the ONLY organized profession to work with individuals from a purely preventive and developmental standpoint

A

elementary school counseling

198
Q

daniel j levinson findings

A

80% of men in his study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises

an “age 30 crisis” occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes

199
Q

levinson found that adult developmental transitions in white and blue collar men seemed to be relatively ___

A

universal

200
Q

gail sheehy finding

A

both men and women experience typical crises (“passages”)

each passage can be utilized to reach one’s potential

201
Q

define generativity per erikson

A

ability to do creative work or raise a family

the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time

the opposite of stagnation

memory device: generativity sounds like generation; a person who is successful at this stage plans for the next generation

202
Q

a person who does not master generativity v stagnation is very ___

A

self-centered, self-absorbed

203
Q

havinghurst created what type of dev theory

A

a developmental TASKS theory

eg. middle adulthood tasks: achieve civic responsibility, maintain a home, guide teens, development leisure, adjust to bodily changes, relate to spouse, adjust to aging parents

204
Q

what was the golden age for developmental psychology

A

50s

205
Q

ego integrity (not identity) per erikson is what

A

belief that one’s life served a purpose

206
Q

define generalized anxiety

A

fear, dread, apprehension without being able to pinpoint the exact reason

207
Q

define nosology

A

branch of medicine concerned with classification of diseases

DSM people are nosologists

208
Q

what two types of therapy are often preferable to traditional counseling and therapy because cultural differences have less impact on these types of intervention

A

play therapy
art therapy

209
Q

which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation

A

harlow

210
Q

per harlow, even though terry cloth mothers were preferred over wire or wood, those raised by surrogates instead of real monkeys were ___ and had difficulty ___

A

timid, mating

211
Q

joseph wolpe pioneered technique of ___

A

systematic desensitization

212
Q

albert ellis created what type of therapy

A

rational-emotive behavior therapy - REBT

213
Q

REBT teaches clients to do what

A

think in a more scientific and logical manner

214
Q

when development has come to a halt, dev counselors say that the client suffers from ___

A

fixation

this is primarily a psychoanalytic concept

215
Q

define learned helplessness

A

when a person believes they have no control over environment because they have been exposed to situations where they had no power

eg. seligman’s dogs getting shocks; they stopped trying to escape even when they could

this easily leads to depression

216
Q

differences between anxiety and phobia?

A

phobia: source of fear is known
anxiety: source of fear is unknown

217
Q

define risky shift phenomenon

A

a group decision is typically more liberal than the decision of an individual member prior to joining the group

ie. the individual’s initial stance tends to be more conservative than the group’s final decision

218
Q

eric berne is father of ___

A

transactional analysis

he put freud’s lingo into everyday language

his superego was called the parent ego, which is filled with the musts, shoulds, and oughts that guide our morality

219
Q

konrad lorenz compared us to which animals and claimed that we are naturally what

A

baboons, wolves

aggressive

he claimed it was necessary for survival

solution: use methods like competitive sports as catharsis to let aggression out

220
Q

“bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not” is associated with which kohlberg stage

A

preconventional

221
Q

piaget’s concept of moral dev

A
  1. heteronomous (4-7): rules are absolute and result in punishment
  2. autonomous (10): rules are relative and can be altered/changed
222
Q

define imprinting

A

rapid learning during a critical period of development

eg. a newborn will follow a moving object

223
Q

newer research tends to show that the oft-quoted statistic that 50% of marriages end in divorce is:

A

false

224
Q

martial satisfaction tends to ___ with parenthood and ___ after a child leaves the home

A

decreases

increases

225
Q

maslow was a ___ psychologist

A

humanist

rejected behaviorism and psychoanalysis

226
Q

describe how maslow’s pyramid works

A

lower order physiological needs and safety need to be met in order to work toward higher-order needs such as self-actualization

227
Q

humanistic psych is referred to as the ___ force of psychology

A

third

228
Q

name maslow’s levels

A

basic needs for physiology

security and safety

love affection and belonging

esteem

self-actualization (person becomes all they can be)

229
Q

some refer to all higher order needs (anything that isn’t physiological) as

A

metaneeds

230
Q

maslow’s human potential movement was popular in which decades

A

60s and 70s

231
Q

to research self actualization, maslow interviewed whom

A

“the best people he could find who escaped the psychology of the average”

ie they transcended the so called average or normal existence

232
Q

piaget is a ___ who believes stage changes are ___

A

structuralist, qualitative

233
Q

structuralist viewpoint says what

A

each stage is a way of making sense of the world (to give it structure)

234
Q

what do cognitive behaviorists emphasize

A

how thought processes impact emotions and behavioristic strategies (eg homework assignments or reinforcement)

235
Q

was piaget a maturationist?

A

no

236
Q

___ factors cause down syndrome

A

genetic

(chromosomal abnormality called trisomy 21)

237
Q

what is considered average iq

A

100

238
Q

piaget referred to the act of taking in information as ___

A

assimilation

239
Q

modification of a child’s schema after assimilating information is called ___ (piaget)

A

accommodation

240
Q

the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called ___ (piaget)

A

equilibration

241
Q

what is counterbalancing in experimentation

A

when researcher varies the order of conditions to eliminate irrelevant variables (e.g., fatigue, practice effects)

242
Q

what does balance theory posit

A

people prefer consistent beliefs or cognitive consistency

ie they avoid inconsistent, incompatible info/beliefs/thoughts etc

243
Q

what is ABA design in experimentation

A

A: baseline (behavior before the experimental procedure is introduced)

B: treatment

A: occurrence of A (behavior in question) is measured to see if change is evident

244
Q

what are 3 of the big types of theories of development (adjectives, not names)

A

behavioral
structural
maturational

245
Q

maturational POV uses what analogy

A

plant growth

mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development

246
Q

maturationist counselors allow clients to work through ___ ___

A

early conflicts

247
Q

define ritualistic behaviors

A

fixed-action patterns (FAP) elicited by sign stimuli

248
Q

define hysteria

A

historical term for somatization disorder

when a person displays an organic symptom (eg blindness, paralysis) yet no physiological causes are evident

249
Q

define pica

A

when a person wants to eat non-food items

250
Q

robert kegan’s “holding environment” is where what happens

A

a client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find a new direction

251
Q

robert kegan focses on what

A

meaning making

252
Q

kegan’s 6 stages of life span dev

A
  1. incorporative
  2. impulsive
  3. imperial
  4. interpersonal
  5. institutional
  6. interindividual
253
Q

piaget

when new info is presented that the child’s schemas cannot process, this is called

A

disequilibrium

the child therefore changes the schemas to accommodate the novel info, and equilibration is mastered

254
Q

anal retentive personality is ___

A

stingy

255
Q

freud would say that a person with problems with drinking alcohol and smoking would be considered an ___ character

A

oral

Rosenthal Ch. 3 - Human Dev (1 decks)

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