Human Growth and Development Flashcards
1
Q
Name Freud’s Stages
A
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
-only anxious people love goats (link to Freud because goats are horny and Freud was obsessed with sex)
2
Q
Adjective for Freudian stages
A
psychosexual
3
Q
Adjective for Erikson’s stages
A
psychosocial
4
Q
psychodiagnostic - what is it
A
study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal clues; can also mean the counselor uses the aforementioned factors or tests to assign a DSM diagnosis
5
Q
Psychopharmacology - what is it
A
studies the effects of medications or drugs on psychological functions
6
Q
ego psychologists believe in man’s power of __ to control ___
A
power of reasoning to control behaviors
they emphasize the ego and the power of control
7
Q
psychodynamic theories focus on ___ rather than ___
A
unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors
8
Q
to say that the ___ is the bad boy of Freudian psychology is to put it mildly!
A
id
9
Q
the id is the seat of ___ and ___.
A
sex, aggression
It is not rational or logical; it is void of time and orientation
It is chaotic and concerned only with the body, not with the outside world
10
Q
Freud emphasized the importance fo the ___ whereas Erikson stressed ___ functions
A
id (Freud)
ego (Erikson)
11
Q
Describe ego
A
logical, rational, utilizes reasoning and control to keep impulses in check
12
Q
describe superego
A
moralistic, idealistic
13
Q
radical behaviorists do not believe in:
A
mental constructs like “the mind” or consciousness; behaviorists generally fell that if it can’t be measured, it doesn’t exist
14
Q
only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory that encompasses the entire lifespan is:
A
Erik Erikson
(Freud’s latency stage technically covers 12-death, but many scholars do not feel that Freud’s theory truly covers the entire lifespan)
15
Q
Erikson was a disciple of
A
Freud
16
Q
of erikson stages; each one has a what?
A
8, psychosocial crisis/turning point
17
Q
A. A. Brill keywords
A
analytic, career theory
18
Q
Milton E. Erickson keywords
A
brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis
19
Q
Piaget keywords
A
cognitive development in children
20
Q
Piaget # of cognitive dev. stages and what are they based on
A
4, epigenesis
21
Q
Define epigenesis
A
the notion that successfully completing a previous stage is necessary for the stages that transpire next
Process is systematic and follows a given order
***More recently, the definition has focused on the fact that environmental factors can influence gene expression
Memory: term borrowed from embryology; an embryo has to successfully complete stages of dev to move on to the next
22
Q
id is called the ___ principle; ego is called the ___ principle
A
pleasure (id), reality (ego)
23
Q
Jay Haley keywords
A
strategic and problem-solving tx, often utilizing the strategy of paradox
24
Q
Arnold Lazarus keywords
A
pioneer in the behavior tx movement, systematic desensitization
today, his name is associated with multimodal tx
25
William Perry keywords
adult cognitive development, esp. with college students
these idiots favor dualistic thinking, which is common in teens (things are good/bad, right/wrong, black/white)
college students assume the prof has "the answer"
adulthood: relativistic thinking (ie the ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation; there is more than one way to view the world)
26
Robert Kegan keywords
adult cognitive dev
stresses interpersonal development; his theory is billed as a "constructive model of development"
27
constructive model of dev - define
individual construct reality throughout the lifespan
28
List Piaget's 4 stages
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperations
3. Concrete Operations
4. Formal Operations
SPCF - Piaget's Stinky Poops can Fester
29
Piaget's theory is ___ (adj)
idiographic
30
define idiographic approaches
they examine individuals (not groups) in depth
(eg Freud, Piaget)
31
opposite of idiographic approach (and define)
nomothetic - large #s of people are studied to create general principles that apply to the population
32
Piaget was adamant that:
the order of the stages remains the same for every culture, although the age of the individuals can very
33
Memory device for order of Piaget's stages
first one if sensorimotor because babies are idiots who can only sense and move
last stage if formal because adults are formal
remaining two are preoperations and concrete operations -- pre comes first
34
Piaget's research methods were very ___ (adj)
informal (aka illegitimate...)
He used studies with his children
Used random games
35
t test - define
parametric statistical test used in formal experiments to determine whether there is a significant difference between two groups (technically: whether the MEANS of two groups are SIGNIFICANTLY different)
to use a t test, the groups must be normally distributed
36
conservation - define
the notion that a substance's WEIGHT, MASS OR VOLUME remain the same even if it changes shape
eg. pouring water from tall skinny pitcher to squat small pitcher; cutting pie into different # of slices
37
Piaget - a child learns conservation and reversibility in which stage
concrete operational (7-11)
Memory trick: Conservation and the ability to Count mentally (w/o matching something up to something else physically) both happen in Concrete operational stage - CCC
38
define symbolic schema per Piaget
cognitive structure that grows with life experience
a schema is simply a system that permits a child to test out things in the physical world
39
Piaget's research on notions like conservation are supported by:
What is the order of understanding concepts of volume, weight, mass
David Elkind
Mass is most easily understood
Then weight
Then volume
Memory - Piaget is child development's Most Waluable Player
40
Child masters conservation in what stage + age range
Concrete operations (7-11)
41
Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral dev
Lawrence Kohlberg - perhaps the leading theorist on moral dev
42
What did Vygotsky disagree with Piaget about
He did not believe that children's dev stages take place naturally. He insisted that the stages unfold due to educational intervention.
43
What did Kohlberg use to determine a child's level of moral dev
stories
44
Kohlberg's, Erikson's, Piaget's and Maslow's theories are said to be (adj)
epigenetic
45
Who is the "father of American behaviorism", coined the term behaviorism, and when
John Watson, 1912
46
What is reversibility per Piaget
one can undo an action, hence an object (eg glass of water) can return to its initial shape
47
PROTOTYPE QUESTION
6 year old says "the rain is following me"
This is an example of
egocentrism
Egocentrism is NOT selfishness
It IS the inability to view the world from the vantage point of another person
48
How many levels of morality for Kohlberg
3
49
What are Kohlberg's levels of morality
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional (ie personal integrity or morality of self-accepted principles level)
Memory: Mr. Morals went to the PCP CONVENTION and died.
50
Each Kohlberg LEVEL can be broken down into how many STAGES
3 levels, 2 stages each
Memory - imagine 3 levels of a house with 2 theater stages on each
51
What was the Heinz dilemma
Kohlberg used the story to test children's level of morality
(sick wife, man steals medicine)
The REASON for the decision rather than the decision itself determined which level/stage he assigned themwh
52
who was the father of psychoanalysis
freud
53
who was the father of analytic psychology
jung
54
What does the Menninger Psychiatric Clinic do
landmark site for biofeedback
"a traditional psychoanalytic foothold"
55
what is biofeedback
technique used to help individuals learn to control bodily processes (eg heart rate, breathing) more effectively using electronic devices
56
identity crisis comes from which theorist and occurs in which stage
erikson
Identity v. role confusion (teens)
57
what does "RS" refer to in psychology
religious/spiritual
of counselors who work on RS issues or consider themselves spiritual/religious is climbing
58
RS factors are often examined by counselors who are attempting to integrate the practice of ___ into their work
positive psychology
59
Who coined and who popularized positive psychology
Maslow and Martin Seligman
60
Seligman also pioneered what concept
learned helplessness
61
describe positive psychology
focuses on human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, ability to love, happiness
62
What school did Alfred Adler found and what concept did he pioneer
Individual Psychology
Inferiority complex
Memory - Adler -> Irene -> three Is (individual, inferiority, Irene)
Irene is also very individualistic
63
Describe Kohlberg's 3 levels
Preconventional: child responds to consequences, rewards, and punishments (selfish motives)
Conventional: individual wants to meet standards of society, family, nation; wants to conform
Postconventional/self-accepted morals: concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, equality of human rights; a person create their own moral principles rather than those set by society/fam/etc
64
Kohberg believed many people ___ reach level 3
never
his finding: less than 40% of middle class, urban males reach level 3
People who did: socrates, MLK jr, ghandi
65
Harry Stack Sullivan
What is his theory called and what are the stages
Psychiatry of interpersonal relations
Infancy
Childhood
Juvenile era
Preadolescence
Early Adolescence
Late adolescence
66
Sullivan, like Erikson, focused on what
interpersonal issues and sociocultural demands (biological determination less important)
they are both psychoSOCIAL
67
what is erikson's 8th stage and when does it start
integrity v despair, age 60
A person who mastered all 8 stages feels a sense of integrity in that their life has been worthwhile
68
each erikson stage has 2 ___ ___ and one ___
opposing tendencies (erikson did not imply that the person either totally succeeds or fails; they lean toward a given alternative such as integrity or despair)
psychosocial crisis (ie turning point)
69
in kohlbergs preconventional level, individual's moral behavior is guided by
consequences
a treat or the removal of a toy is more important than society expectations or law
70
define fugue state
amnesia that causes a person to leave home, usually with the intent of changing their identity or job
71
define counterconditioning
a behaviorist technique for weakening or eliminating a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response
eg. systematic desensitization
72
In Kohlberg's second level, conventional, people want to do what two things and why
live up to society's expectations & conform
Goal: law and order can prevail
73
Kohlberg's 3rd level, postconventional/self-accepted morals level, has also been called
prior to society perspective
74
List Kohlberg STAGES for preconventional level + age range
< 6/7ish
1. obedience/avoiding punishment: obey rules to avoid punishment
2. self-interest ("naive hedonism"): interest shifts to rewards rather than punishment; efforts are focused on securing greatest benefit for self
"If I am nice to people, I will get what I want."
75
List Kohlberg STAGES for conventional level + age range
7-12/13ish
3. good boy/good girl attitude ("conformity and social accord"): efforts are made to secure approval and maintain good relations with others in order to achieve recognition
4. law and order morality: oriented to fixed rules; efforts are made to preserve social order; conforms to avoid trouble with authorities
76
List Kohlberg STAGES for post conventional level + age range
13+
5. social contract: individual rights emphasized; conforms to maintain communities; efforts focused on mutuality, reciprocity, and rules that make life better for everyone
6. principle: individual principles of conscience; morality is based on principles that transcend mutual benefit
77
who pioneered zone of proximal development and what is it
Lev Vygotsky
The ZPD describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is able to achieve with a trusted instructor
78
organ inferiority is a concept from
afred adler
79
Name 3 maturationists
Freud, Erikson, Arnold Gesell
80
define maturation theory/hypothesis
development is guided by hereditary factors but certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment
e.g. a child must be ready before she can accept a certain level of education (eg kindergarten)
the person's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold (pig newtons!!)
a counselor who believes in this concept strives to unleash inborn abilities, instincts, and drives
client's childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics
81
DBT pioneered by who and which presenting concerns is it helpful for
Marsha Linehan
(suicidal ideation, self injury, SU, BPD)
82
John Bowlby (british psychiatrist) studied what
bonding and attachment
BB: Bowlby Bonding
83
describe Arnold Gesell
pioneer in terms of using one-way mirror for studying children
was pediatrician
84
Bowlby saw bonding as having survival value aka ___
adaptive significance
85
Bowlby: in order to have a normal social life, child must bond with an adult before age
If the bond is severed at an early age, it results in ___
3
object loss, the breeding ground for abnormal behavior; child would later be incapable of having normal social relationships
86
Margaret Mahler calls the child's absolute dependence on the female caretaker ___
symbiosis
87
What is Mahler's theory called and what does it posit
separation-individual theory
difficulties in the symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis
88
Erik believed midlife crisis happens in which stage
generativity v. stagnation
approx. age 35-45 for men
30-35 for women
(when the person realizes life is half over)
89
how does erikson define generativity
the ability to be productive and happy BY LOOKING OUTSIDE ONESELF AND BEING CONCERNED WITH OTHER PEOPLE
(some refer to this stage as generativity v. self-absorption)
90
describe harry harlow
worked with rhesus monkeys to study maternal deprivation
91
harlow believed attachment is an:
INNATE tendency and not learned
92
rhesus monkeys placed in isolation developed:
autistic and abnormal behavior
(when these monkeys were placed in cages with normally reared monkeys some remission of the dysfunctional behavior was noted)
93
Describe rene spitz
studied children reared in impersonal institutions (hence experienced maternal deprivation between 6 mo-8 mo). They:
cried more,
had problems sleeping,
and had more health issues
they eventually had great difficulty forming close relationships
she called this "anaclitic depression"
this supports harlow's findings
94
describe eleanor maccoby and carol jacklin
studied gender differences
found very few differences that could be attributed to genetics and bio factors
found that where males outperformed women in mathematics, they did not do so until high school or college
this suggests that the major impetus for sex-role differences may come from child-rearing patterns rather than bodily chemistry
95
intimacy v. isolation
age range
what is the major objective
23-34
sharing your life with another person
(an individual who does not do well in this stage may conclude that she cannot depend on anyone but herself)
96
conformity appears to peak in ___ (period of life)
early teens
97
what kind of mother did harlow's rhesus monkeys prefer (wire v. terry cloth)
terry, even though the wire mothers dispensed milk
he concluded "contact comfort" is important in the development of an infant's attachment
1.5 hours per day were spent with wire, 16 hours with terry
98
what is a "releaser stimulus" per bowlby
in humans, the parents act as a releaser stimulus to elicit relief from hunger and tension through holding
(this is how he would describe harlow's findings; the terry cloth mother served as a releaser stimulus)
99
name freud's stages
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital
only anxious people love goats; goats are horny and so is freudn
100
what is freud's structural theory of the mind
mind is composed of id, ego, superego
101
define freud's eros and thanatos
eros: life instinct
thanatos: self-destructive/death instinct
102
define freud's regression
returning to an earlier stage of development
103
manifest v. latent in psychoanalysis
refer to nature of dreams
manifest content: dream material as it is presented to the dreamer
latent content: hidden meaning of the dream, much more important to psychoanalysts
104
males complete suicide __ often than girls (this applies to nearly all age brackets)
females attempt suicide __ often than males
more for both
this is likely because males use firearms more often
105
suicide is the ___th leading cause of death in the US
for teens, it's # ___
10th-11th
2nd-3rd
106
the vast majority of people who have killed themselves have done what?
communicated their intent to do so in some manner
107
suicide rates tend to do what with age
increase
108
suicidal clients often make attempts when?
AFTER the depression begins to lift!
109
the overall suicide rate in the US is ___ in 100,000
12
110
personality measures such as the MMPI2 and rorschach are __ predictors for suicide and suicide attempts
poor
test profiles of suicidal individuals are not distinguishable from those who aren't
111
the fear of death is greatest in what age group
middle age
(per Erikson, people in the final stage of life have accepted the finality of life better than people in their middle years)
112
oral stage years
birth - 1 year
113
during which freudian stage is attachment a major factor
oral
bonding takes place early in life
114
in comparing boys to girls, it has been noted that girls do what 3 things more often
smile
use feeling words
read people more accurately without
verbal cues at any age
115
in comparing boys and girls, boys tend to be more ___ and ___
physically active
aggressive
116
the freudian stage that least emphasizes sexuality is
latency
latency is when the child's sexual drives are hidden and replaced by activities such as sports, learning, hobbies, etc.
(like with LATENT dream content, where the message is hidden)
117
latency years
6-12
118
which freudian stage is the only one that is NOT psychosexual in nature
latency
119
are boys or girls punished more often
boys
120
stanley coopersmith main finding
studied child-rearing
parenting styles have a huge impact on self-esteem
children with high self esteem were punished just as often as children with low
however, those with high were provided with a clear understanding of what was morally right/wrong; this was usually not the case for those with low
children with high self esteem tended to have more rules to follow
for those with high self-esteem, the emphasis was placed on the behavior being wrong, not the child
parents with high self esteem children were more democratic and heard out their child's argument and explain the purpose of rules
coopersmith only studied middle-class boys, ages 10-12
121
bf skinner was a prime mover in ___ movement
behaviorist psychology
122
behaviorists emphasize what in the nature/nurture debate
the power of the environment
123
today, those who apply skinnerian principles (and those of other prominent behaviorists) are called ___ clinicians
ABA
applied behavior analysis
124
stage theorists assume
qualitative changes occur between stages
125
development begins at ___ and is a ___ process
conception, continuous
eg. many developmental psychologists look at prenatal factors such as alcohol consumption
126
development is cephalocaudal, which means
head to foot
the head of a fetus develops earlier than the legs
cephalo: related to head
caudal: related to tail
127
the hereditary transmission of traits from parents to their offspring assumes what 3 things
1. a "normal" person has 23 pairs of chromosomes
2. heredity characteristics are transmitted via chromosomes
3. genes composed of DNA contain a genetic code
128
define heritability
the portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors
129
piaget's formal operational stage assumes a child can think ___ and use ___ logic
abstractly, deductive
he felt a large number of people never reach this stage
child can think of things in terms of multiple hypotheses now rather than being satisfied with one answer
130
formal operational stage ages
11+
131
after reaching formal operational stage, piaget believed the child is now:
ready for adulthood
132
examples of abstract thinking per piaget
concepts like time and distance
eg. what was life like 500 years ago or how far away is 600 miles
133
kohlberg lists ___ levels and ___ stages
3, 6
134
list kohlberg's stages
preconventional aka premoral
1. punishment/obedience
2. naive hedonism
conventional aka morality of conventional rules and conformity
3. good boy/good girl
4. authority, law, order
postconventional aka morality of self-accepted principles
5. democratically accepted law/social contract
6. principles of self-conscience and universal ethics
135
freud's oedipus complex/stage is the stage when what occurs
which stage does it occur
sexual fantasies with the opposite sex parent occurs paired with rage at the same sex parent
phallic stage, oedipus complex happens around 3-5
oediPus and Phallic both have a P
136
in girls, the oedipus complex is called
electra complex
137
after the oedipus/electra complex, the child eventually
relates with the same sex parent, leading to the internalization of parental values, which leads to the birth of the superego/conscience
138
desensitization is a term in ___ psychology used to ameliorate ___
name 3 types
behavioral, anxiety
systematic
in vivo (client is exposed to an actual situation that may prove difficult/frightening)
covert (process cannot be directly observed)
139
what is the most comprehensive theory of personality and therapy ever devised
psychoanalysis
140
eleanor gibson researched what using what
baby dev
eg. depth perception by utilizing the visual cliff
glass sheet simulates drop off, baby crawls across
by 6 mo, most infants will not attempt it, indicating they have developed depth perception and that it is INHERENT (ie. inborn)
by 8 mo, child begins to show stranger anxiety, meaning they can discriminate between a familiar and unfamiliar person
141
theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are called
empiricists
142
empiricism (ie associationism)
came from whose philosophy?
main assertion?
emphasize what in nature v. nurture?
forerunner of what?
grew from locke's philosophy in 1600s
acc to this theory, scientists can only learn from objective facts; experience is the source for acquiring knowledge; change can be measured
they emphasize the role of environment
empiricism was the forerunner of behaviorism
143
organismic viewpoint
main assertions?
opposing viewpoint to what?
believe what is more important that nurture/environment?
there is not distinction between mind and body; believe change can be internal and therefore more qualitative than quantitative in nature
sometimes said to be empiricism's opposing viewpoint
individuals' actions are more important than environment in terms of development
144
an empiricist view of development would be ___
behavioristic
145
in harlow's experiment, frightened monkeys raised via wire/cloth mothers did what
ran over and clung to wire/cloth surrogate mothers
WRONG ANSWERS: developed BPD traits, showed lack of emotion, became quite friendly
146
what properties did harlow's monkey like the most
cloth over wire
warm over cold
rocking over non-rocking
147
harlow's ultimate finding
contact was even more important milk
monkeys preferred cloth mother over wire mothers even when both dispensed milk
148
who is an example of an organismic theorist
Kurt Goldstein, gestalt, emphasized holistic model
149
reflexes play the greatest role in which piaget stage
sensorimotor
150
piaget's practical intelligence
"captures the gist of sensorimotor stage"
abilities developed here:
object permanence (8 mo)
concept of time (one event happens before or after another)
causality (that a hand can move an object)
smile at a face or a mask that resembles a face (2 mo)
151
what other piaget skill does a child need aside from object permanence to know the ball behind the back is still there
representational thought
152
define schema
mental representation of real world
153
per bowlby: bonding is ___; inadequate attachment in early childhood leads to ___
instinctual
various forms of psychopathology, eg conduct disorder
154
harlow: animals placed in ISOLATION (not raised by wire/cloth mothers) during first months of life appeared to be
autistic
they had trouble communicating and forming close social bonds
155
freud: if a child experiences a severe trauma, they may ___ a given psychosexual stage
become fixated
156
freud: fixation
define
definition: a person is unable to go from one developmental stage to the next
they become stuck at the stage where they feel safe
when life becomes too traumatic, emotional development comes to a screeching half, though physical and cognitive processes may continue at a normal pace
157
an expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that
watching violence tends to make children more aggressive
even nursery school age children display more violence after observing violence
other research: the more we see, hear, and read about violence, the more desensitized to it we are and the more we are likely to be okay behaving violently
158
define an instinctual behavior
a behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species; does not need to be practiced or learned
eg hunger
159
ethology is often associated with whom
konrad lorenz
160
define ethology
the study of animal behavior in their natural environment
161
ethologists tried to explain behavior based on whose theories
modern ethologists do what
darwin
conduct field research with animals
162
define comparative psychology
lab research using animals in an attempt to generalize findings to humans
163
lorenz is most known for his findings on what
imprinting and CRITICAL PERIODS
certain behaviors must be learned during certain windows in an animal's development; otherwise, they will never be learned at all
time when an organism is susceptible to a specific developmental process; marks importance of heredity AND environment on development
eg. language acquisition typically begins at 2 and ends at about 14
164
piaget: define centration
what stage does it happen in
focusing on a key feature of a given object or situation without noticing the rest of it
preoperational stage
165
inductive v. deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning involves forming general theories from specific observations. Observing something happen repeatedly and concluding that it will happen again in the same way is an example of inductive reasoning.
Deductive reasoning (also called deduction) involves forming specific conclusions from general premises, as in: everyone in this class is an English major; Jesse is in this class; therefore, Jesse is an English major.
deduce sounds like detract+reduce, ie go from big to small
166
how did piaget and barbel inhelder test egocentrism (inability to view something from anyone else's vantage point)
showed children all sides of a mountain
children returned to front side
tester sat on a different side
when asked to pick a picture of what the tester was seeing, egocentric children still chose the picture of what they were seeing
167
re: schooling and teachers, what did piaget believe
that teachers should lecture less because in concrete operational stage, children learn best via their own actions and experimentation rather than being talked at
they learn best with peers, not adults
168
william glasser is the father of ___ therapy with ___ theory
reality therapy with choice theory
169
define epistomology
philosophy: the study of how we know what we know
the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope
170
piaget: acquiring symbolic schema happens in which stage
preoperational, 2 to 7
allows for language and symbolism in play to occur (eg a milk carton is a spaceship)
171
erikson and freud agreed on what regarding dev stages
each stage needed to be resolved before moving on to next
172
robert j havinghurst
stage theorist who studied development
proposed tasks for:
infancy-early childhood
middle childhood
adolescence
early adulthood
middle adulthood
later maturity
173
jane loevinger
stage theorist who studied ego development via 7 stages and 2 transitions
highest level is "integrated" - similar to maslow's self-actualization or kohlberg's self-accepted morals
174
tendency for women to wear high heels is an example of what
sex role socialization
175
originally, differences between men and women were explained by
today, counselors (should) understand that children do what
biological factors
learn gender roles and identities
176
sanda bem contention
when males and females are not guided by traditional sex roles, they are free to be more androgynous and end up more productive
she spoke out against gender stereotyping and a woman's place being only in the home
177
define negative reinforcement
when the removal of a (usually unwanted) stimulus increases the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur
eg getting up to avoid annoying alarm clock noises
178
NEVER FORGET: ALL POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REINFORCERS DO WHAT
INCREASE the likelihood of behaviors
(punishment decreased likelihood of behaviors)
179
define positive reinforcement
when the ADDITION of a stimulus strengthens or increases likelihood of a behavior
180
the sequence of object loss, which goes from despair to detachment, best describes the work of
bowlby
181
in psychoanalysis, the term "object" refers to
the target of one's love
eg object loss
182
in general, per Maccoby and Jacklin:
boys possess better ___ skills
girls possess better ___ skills
boys tend to be more ___ and ___
boys: visual-perceptual skills
girl: verbal skills
boys: active, aggressive
183
per Maccoby and Jacklin, the tendency for boys to be aggressive seems to be a counterexample to what
their stance that tendencies are more about nuture than nature
aggression seems to be more attributable to biology
184
define primal scene
psychoanalytic term for when a young child witnesses parents having sex or is seduced by a parent
whether real or imagined, this experience is the impetus for later neurosis
185
define preconscious psychic process
psychoanalytic term
level between consciousness and unconsciousness
preconscious material is not conscious but can be recalled without the use of special psychoanalytic techniques
186
define BASIC-ID
coined by arnold lazarus (behaviorist, multimodal therapy)
believes therapy should be multimodal
behavior
affective responses
sensations
imagery
cognitions
interpersonal relationships
drugs
187
a preschool child's concept of causality is said to be ___
animistic
188
define animistic re: a child's concept of causality
child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects
acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities and tendencies
189
Jung's anima vs animus
define
anima: female characteristics
animus: male characteristics
these are both "archetypes"
190
define archetypes per jung
inherited unconscious factors
191
define freud's wish fulfillment
dreams and slips of the tongue both represent wish fulfillments
192
define ego identity
associated with erikson's 5th stage: ID v. role confusion
when a teen is able to integrate all of her previous roles into a single self-concept, she has achieved ego identity
inability to do so results in role confusion, then identity crisis
193
elementary school counseling has been gaining momentum since what decade
60s
middle/junior high school counseling is even newer
194
secondary school counseling has been gaining momentum since when, fueled by whose work
early 1900s, Frank Parsons
he set up centers to help individuals looking for work
195
3 key reasons for the slow development of elementary school counseling
1. the majority of people believed the school teachers can double as counselors
2. counseling was conceptualized as focusing on vocational issues (this is not as relevant for elementary school kids)
3. secondary schools had social workers and psychologists who could intervene if issues were still present by that age
196
which school age group do we know the least about
middle/junior high
(except the fact that these children, age 10-14, have more anxiety than their elementary or high school counterparts)
197
what is considered the ONLY organized profession to work with individuals from a purely preventive and developmental standpoint
elementary school counseling
198
daniel j levinson findings
80% of men in his study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises
an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes
199
levinson found that adult developmental transitions in white and blue collar men seemed to be relatively ___
universal
200
gail sheehy finding
both men and women experience typical crises ("passages")
each passage can be utilized to reach one's potential
201
define generativity per erikson
ability to do creative work or raise a family
the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time
the opposite of stagnation
memory device: generativity sounds like generation; a person who is successful at this stage plans for the next generation
202
a person who does not master generativity v stagnation is very ___
self-centered, self-absorbed
203
havinghurst created what type of dev theory
a developmental TASKS theory
eg. middle adulthood tasks: achieve civic responsibility, maintain a home, guide teens, development leisure, adjust to bodily changes, relate to spouse, adjust to aging parents
204
what was the golden age for developmental psychology
50s
205
ego integrity (not identity) per erikson is what
belief that one's life served a purpose
206
define generalized anxiety
fear, dread, apprehension without being able to pinpoint the exact reason
207
define nosology
branch of medicine concerned with classification of diseases
DSM people are nosologists
208
what two types of therapy are often preferable to traditional counseling and therapy because cultural differences have less impact on these types of intervention
play therapy
art therapy
209
which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation
harlow
210
per harlow, even though terry cloth mothers were preferred over wire or wood, those raised by surrogates instead of real monkeys were ___ and had difficulty ___
timid, mating
211
joseph wolpe pioneered technique of ___
systematic desensitization
212
albert ellis created what type of therapy
rational-emotive behavior therapy - REBT
213
REBT teaches clients to do what
think in a more scientific and logical manner
214
when development has come to a halt, dev counselors say that the client suffers from ___
fixation
this is primarily a psychoanalytic concept
215
define learned helplessness
when a person believes they have no control over environment because they have been exposed to situations where they had no power
eg. seligman's dogs getting shocks; they stopped trying to escape even when they could
this easily leads to depression
216
differences between anxiety and phobia?
phobia: source of fear is known
anxiety: source of fear is unknown
217
define risky shift phenomenon
a group decision is typically more liberal than the decision of an individual member prior to joining the group
ie. the individual's initial stance tends to be more conservative than the group's final decision
218
eric berne is father of ___
transactional analysis
he put freud's lingo into everyday language
his superego was called the parent ego, which is filled with the musts, shoulds, and oughts that guide our morality
219
konrad lorenz compared us to which animals and claimed that we are naturally what
baboons, wolves
aggressive
he claimed it was necessary for survival
solution: use methods like competitive sports as catharsis to let aggression out
220
"bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not" is associated with which kohlberg stage
preconventional
221
piaget's concept of moral dev
1. heteronomous (4-7): rules are absolute and result in punishment
2. autonomous (10): rules are relative and can be altered/changed
222
define imprinting
rapid learning during a critical period of development
eg. a newborn will follow a moving object
223
newer research tends to show that the oft-quoted statistic that 50% of marriages end in divorce is:
false
224
martial satisfaction tends to ___ with parenthood and ___ after a child leaves the home
decreases
increases
225
maslow was a ___ psychologist
humanist
rejected behaviorism and psychoanalysis
226
describe how maslow's pyramid works
lower order physiological needs and safety need to be met in order to work toward higher-order needs such as self-actualization
227
humanistic psych is referred to as the ___ force of psychology
third
228
name maslow's levels
basic needs for physiology
security and safety
love affection and belonging
esteem
self-actualization (person becomes all they can be)
229
some refer to all higher order needs (anything that isn't physiological) as
metaneeds
230
maslow's human potential movement was popular in which decades
60s and 70s
231
to research self actualization, maslow interviewed whom
"the best people he could find who escaped the psychology of the average"
ie they transcended the so called average or normal existence
232
piaget is a ___ who believes stage changes are ___
structuralist, qualitative
233
structuralist viewpoint says what
each stage is a way of making sense of the world (to give it structure)
234
what do cognitive behaviorists emphasize
how thought processes impact emotions and behavioristic strategies (eg homework assignments or reinforcement)
235
was piaget a maturationist?
no
236
___ factors cause down syndrome
genetic
(chromosomal abnormality called trisomy 21)
237
what is considered average iq
100
238
piaget referred to the act of taking in information as ___
assimilation
239
modification of a child's schema after assimilating information is called ___ (piaget)
accommodation
240
the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called ___ (piaget)
equilibration
241
what is counterbalancing in experimentation
when researcher varies the order of conditions to eliminate irrelevant variables (e.g., fatigue, practice effects)
242
what does balance theory posit
people prefer consistent beliefs or cognitive consistency
ie they avoid inconsistent, incompatible info/beliefs/thoughts etc
243
what is ABA design in experimentation
A: baseline (behavior before the experimental procedure is introduced)
B: treatment
A: occurrence of A (behavior in question) is measured to see if change is evident
244
what are 3 of the big types of theories of development (adjectives, not names)
behavioral
structural
maturational
245
maturational POV uses what analogy
plant growth
mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development
246
maturationist counselors allow clients to work through ___ ___
early conflicts
247
define ritualistic behaviors
fixed-action patterns (FAP) elicited by sign stimuli
248
define hysteria
historical term for somatization disorder
when a person displays an organic symptom (eg blindness, paralysis) yet no physiological causes are evident
249
define pica
when a person wants to eat non-food items
250
robert kegan's "holding environment" is where what happens
a client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find a new direction
251
robert kegan focses on what
meaning making
252
kegan's 6 stages of life span dev
1. incorporative
2. impulsive
3. imperial
4. interpersonal
5. institutional
6. interindividual
253
piaget
when new info is presented that the child's schemas cannot process, this is called
disequilibrium
the child therefore changes the schemas to accommodate the novel info, and equilibration is mastered
254
anal retentive personality is ___
stingy
255
freud would say that a person with problems with drinking alcohol and smoking would be considered an ___ character
oral
