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HOSA > Human Growth and Development > Flashcards

Human Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years a person is expected to live

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2
Q

Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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3
Q

Physical health

A

Influenced by genetic makeup; includes physical features but also genetic weakness or disease

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4
Q

Psychological health

A

Refers to how a person feels and expresses emotions

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5
Q

Social health

A

Deals with everyday issues of economics, religion, and culture as well as the interactions of people living together

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6
Q

Cognitive health

A

Encompasses a person’s ability to learn and develop

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7
Q

Health promotion

A

Health care directed toward the goal of increasing one’s optimal level of wellness

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8
Q

What are the national aspirations for health promotion? (3 goals?)

A

1.) Healthy lives for more Americans
2.) Elimination of healthcare disparities
3.) Access to preventive services for everyone

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9
Q

What are the three levels of disease prevention?

A

1.) Primary
2.) Secondary
3.) Tertiary

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10
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Prevention that occurs before there is any disease or dysfunction (ie. nutrition, exercise, basic hygiene, vaccines, etc.)

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11
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

The diagnosis of disease or infectious processes. Focuses on early diagnosis. (Ex. Screening, treatment)

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12
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Begins when a permanent disability occurs. It’s goal is to regain lost function and develop new, compensatory skills (ie. cane, hearing aid)

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13
Q

When does health restoration begin?

A

When the disease process is stabilized

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14
Q

Malnutrition

A

Poor dietary practice that results from the lack of essential nutrients or the failure to use available foods

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15
Q

How much exercise is recommended for adults?

A

At least 30 minutes of moderate physical exercise daily or on most days

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16
Q

How much exercise is recommended for children?

A

At least 60 minutes of physical activity daily or on most days

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17
Q

Who came up with/created the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

A

Hans Selye

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18
Q

What are the 3 stages of general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

A

1.) Alarm stage - Hormones place body in a state of readiness (fight-or-flight response)
2.) State of resistance - Body attempts to adapt to stressors
3.) State of exhaustion - After lots of stress the body’s energy becomes depleted, resulting in disease or destruction

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19
Q

What are the 3 phases of separation anxiety?

A

1.) Protest - loud crying, restlessness, dissatisfaction with substitute caregivers
2.) Despair - sense of hopelessness, quieter period
3.) Detachment - state of withdrawal and apathy

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20
Q

Regression

A

The return to an earlier stage of development

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21
Q

What are symptoms of substance abuse?

A

Gradual reduction in awareness, decline in self-esteem, and withdrawal from involvement

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22
Q

What deaths is alcohol use involved in?

A
  • 1/2 of the deaths caused by motor vehicle crashes
  • 1/3 of all homicides, drownings, and boating deaths
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23
Q

What is empowerment?

A

Client-centered decision-making

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24
Q

Beliefs

A

The truths held by a culture’s people

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25
Q

Values

A

Deeply embedded feelings, which determine what is considered good or bad, right or wrong

26
Q

Norms

A

Socially accepted rules and behavior that guide an individual’s behavior and interactions within the culture

27
Q

Folkways

A

Customs within the culture that determines how we greet each other

28
Q

Laws

A

Written policies supported and enforced by the government

29
Q

Mores

A

Moral beliefs that are strongly held by members of the culture

30
Q

Sanctions

A

Social remedies for violating any of the norms

31
Q

Symbols

A

Expressed as language, gestures, or objects that people within a culture use to communicate with each other

32
Q

Race

A

A group of people who share certain similar physical characteristics including skin color, hair texture, facial shape, and/or body shape and size

33
Q

Ethnicity

A

Stable cultural patterns shared by a group of families with the same historical roots

34
Q

Who introduced the theory of transcultural nursing?

A

Madeline Lenninger

35
Q

What is transcultural nursing?

A

A way of viewing patients as belonging to one world with many cultures

36
Q

Family

A

Two or more people who have chosen to live together and share their interests, roles, and resources

37
Q

What are the basic functions of the family?

A
  • Physical maintenance: Family must provide food, clothing, water, and shelter for each of its members
  • Protection: Each family member needs protection against inherited and acquired illnesses and injury
  • Nurturance: Loving care and attention for each member
  • Socialization and Education: Children learn how to interact with their social environment by observing how other family members act and respond. Educational success cannot be accomplished unless both fairly and school work together.
  • Reproduction: The means by which the family survives and passes its genes to succeeding generations
  • Recreation: Family unit should be able to spend time together in pleasurable activity
38
Q

Nuclear or Conjugal Family

A

Consists of a husband, wife, and their children.

39
Q

Extended Family

A
  • Consists of the nuclear family plus grandparents, aunts, uncles, or cousins living under the same roof
  • Provides temporary respite from economic or social hardship
40
Q

Single-Parent Family

A
  • Consists of an adult living with one or more children
  • 60-70% of families are single-parent families
41
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The number of infant deaths per 1000 live births, occurring in the first year of life

42
Q

Blended or Reconstituted Family

A

Created when one or both partners bring children from a previous marriage into the relationship

43
Q

Cohabitative Family

A
  • A man and woman choose to live together without the legal bonds of matrimony
  • May be less stable
44
Q

Communal Family

A
  • Consists of a group of people who have a common philosophy, value system, and goals who choose to live together, sharing roles and resources
  • Became popular in the 1960s
  • Still exists in rural areas
45
Q

Omnipotence

A

Unlimited power or authority

46
Q

Functional Family

A

One that fosters the growth and development of its memebers

47
Q

Dysfunctional Family

A

Unable to offer its members a stable structure

48
Q

Growth

A

An increase in physical size; quantitative

49
Q

Development

A

The progressive acquisition of skills and the capacity to function; qualitative

50
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

Growth and development that begins at the head of the individual and progresses downward toward the feet

51
Q

Proximodistal

A

Growth and development that progresses from the center of the body toward the extremities

52
Q

What were Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A

1.) Oral
2.) Anal
3.) Phallic
4.) Latency
5.) Genital

53
Q

What theory did Erikson develop?

A

Psychosocial development

54
Q

What does Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development describe?

A

That certain tasks need to be accomplished in each of the 8 stages: trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt,
initiative versus guilt, industry versus
inferiority, identity versus role confusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus
stagnation, and ego integrity versus despair.

55
Q

What theory did Piaget develop?

A

Cognitive development

56
Q

What does Piaget’s theory describe?

A

That cognitive development proceeds through 4 staged: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

57
Q

What theory did Maslow develop?

A

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

58
Q

What does Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs describe?

A

Human behavior was motivated by human needs arranged hierarchically from the most basic to the most complex. Beginning with physiological, these
needs progress to those for safety, belonging,
self-esteem, and self-actualization.

59
Q

What theory did Kohlberg develop?

A

Theory of Moral Development

60
Q

What did Kohlberg’s theory of development describe?

A

Identified 3 levels of moral development: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Moral development progresses
within these stages in an orderly sequence.
However, one does not attain the highest
level of moral reasoning.

61
Q

What theory did Gilligan develop?

A

Moral reasoning from a feminine perspective

HOSA (1 decks)

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