Human Geography Flashcards
Agglomeration
the clustering of people and activities around a particular location
Urbanisation
the movement of people back into central or inner parts of an urban area
Suburban intensification
suburbs becoming more urban as a result of several factors eg developments remaining open spaces, increase building density
Shanty town applied
a settlement or improvised buildings often built on the edge of cities which are made from scrap materials like mud and wood
Kibera is biggest slum in Africa
1 million people per 2 km squared
Less than a dollar a day income
Harris and Ullman- Multiple nuclei model 1945
They argued that cities do not develop around a single centre but around multiple nuclei
Functional zonation in urban areas
Function- what something is for
Zonation- the arena it is found in
Residential segregation
Residential segregation is where different groups of people live in different areas of a city or town
Different groups could refer to difference in ethnicities or income groups
Why do the affluent live on the fringes/deprived in the centre?
Wealthier people want more space and houses in the centre of the city are very expensive with less space
Activities are less available in the city centre like horse riding
Ethnic villages
People in certain ethnic groups tend to cluster together in areas sometimes called ethnic villages.
Residential segregation
Can also be seen by age, people tend to move around a city throughout their life cycle , meaning that the inner city is sometimes younger than the outer city
Trafford centre Manchester (remember at least 3)
Contributed to 489 million pounds to local economy
Supported nearly 12000 jobs
7.3% of jobs in the local area
Easily accessible with good transport links
No rain indoor
95% of visitors are living in a 50 mile radius
Average customer spends a 100 pounds
27 million annual visitors
Retailing
Traditionally in the cbd. Progressive movement out from cbd , with the creation of retail parks , urban superstores , out of town shopping centres and home delivery/internet shopping
Residential segregation causes
Income , age , race
Urban regeneration
is when you try to improve an urban area in decline with a mixture of urban redevelopment and urban renewal
Urban redevelopment
is the complete clearance of existing buildings and site infrastructure and construction of new buildings often for a different purpose from scratch.
Gentrification
s the in migration of people from higher socioeconomic groups into areas whereby the existing population is generally of lower socioeconomic group compared to the newcomers.
What problems can gentrification cause
Ethnic minorities in lower income groups are dispersed from the area and the area becomes “ white middle class”.
Fertility rate
Number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-49 in a year
Total fertility rate
Average number of children born alive to a women in her life time
Fertility replacement
The replacement level is the number of woman needed to sustain a population. 2.1 per women is replacement fertility.
Chinas one child policy
A women can only have one child to control population increase
Malthus and boserup theories
Malthus Believes population grows faster then the power of earth to grow food
Boserup believes that as the population increases we will adapt and find ways to produce more food
What are the types of migration
Primitive - tribes moving from place to place depending on the environment
Forced-when the threat comes they are forced to migrate
Impelled- threats predicted so leave before it comes
Free - families and individuals
Mass- whole communities
Mexico to USA migration . Why
Push- poor medical facilities, low paid jobs , 40% unemployment, life expectancy of 72
Pull- 99% adult literacy rates, better housing , 76 year life expectancy, polar opposites of Mexico, bright lights
Impacts on Mexico . Migration
Brian drain , majority population of women , ageing population , less pressure on health care , high value remittances.
Diaspora in London
Most multicultural city in the world , over 200 languages spoke , 66% of migration into the uk since 1990 has been into London.
Farm diversification
As farmers have struggled to make a living off traditional farming methods they have started to add diversity. This is where farms create activities on their land to gain additional income.
Urban regeneration case study
Olympic London park cost more then 1 billion
Created 110,000 jobs
Increased housing prices by 109%
Loss sharing
Insurance on housing that’s been flooded
Plate tectonic theory by Alfred wegener-
Continental drift theory, Wegener found proof like fossils and mountain ranges , these showed continent’s where moving (masosaurous)
Different types of plates
Divergent(constructive)- plates moving away from each other and can course shield volcanos and earthquakes
Convergent(destructive)- plates being melted by magma causing it to drop to the earths core making a deep ocean trench.
Transform(conservative)- plates sliding next to each other the same direction. Nothing is created or destroyed.mostly found at the sea floor.
Chemical weathering
Carbonation solution
Hydrolysis
