Human Genomes Flashcards
Viral DNA
Retroviruses have inserted
information
Protein Processing
The addition of sugars and lipids to create glycoproteins and lipoproteins
True of False? Most of Human Genome does not encode protein.
True
What is the percentage of human DNA that can encode protein?
Only 1.5%
What is the rest of are the Genome in a Human DNA?
Repeated sequences, promoters and other control sequences, introns, noncoding RNAs(ncRNA), and viral DNA.
Repeated sequences
Telomeres, centromeres,
transposons etc
Promoters and other
control sequences
Guide enzymes that
control replication,
transcription & translation
Noncoding RNAs
(ncRNA)
*rRNA, tRNA, others
* Transcribed from
pseudogenes, but are not
translated
Rest of genome includes:
What is a genotype?
Phenotype
Allele
Describe the purpose of a test cross
Explain how the law of segregation and the law of
independent assortment reflects the events of meiosis
The law of segregation reflects the movement of homologous chromosomes into separate cells during meiosis I. The law of independent assortment reflects that each homologous pair of chromosomes aligns independently of other chromosome pairs during metaphase I of meiosis.
Monohybrid Cross
Mendel speculated that gametes contained
particulate units or “elementen”
What are Gene?
- Gametes containing “elementen”
- Different versions of the same gene are called
alleles - Differ in DNA sequence at one or more sites
Remember these terms
Alleles = dominant (T) or recessive (t) version of
a gene
* Genotype = The alleles present in an individual
* Homozygous TT or tt
* Heterozygous Tt
* Phenotype = The trait observed
* Ex: Tall or Short
* Wild Type = Most common phenotype
* Mutant phenotype = A product of a change in
the DNA
What are Punnett squares?
Boxes that represents genes in gametes and how they combine to make offspring
Law of Independent
Assortment
- The inheritance of
one does not
influence the
chance of inheriting
the other - Applies to genes on
different
chromosomes
Autosomal Inheritance
- Located on the non-sex chromosomes
- They may be inherited as dominant or recessive
conditions - Recessive conditions more likely with consanguinity
A phenotypic ratio of 3:1 in the offspring of a mating of two organisms heterozygous for a single trait is expected when:
The alleles segregate during meiosis.
Mendel first proposed that alleles segregate from one another during the formation of gametes
