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philo > Human Freedom > Flashcards

Human Freedom Flashcards

1
Q

Individual power to exercise the will

A

Freedom

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2
Q

Negative Freedom

A

Absence of external forces

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3
Q

Freedom From

A

Negative Freedom

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4
Q

State of nature

A

Natural state of human beings

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Leviathan author

A

Thomas Hobbes

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6
Q

Humans are greedy and selfish by nature

A

Thomas Hobbes

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6
Q

We are naturally motivated by self-interest over anything

A

Thomas Hobbes

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6
Q

Without restrictions, there will be total disorder (evil)

A

Thomas Hobbes

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7
Q

Leviathan

A

government

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7
Q

What did Hobbes believe about the government?

A

created to protect people from their own selfish and evil nature; should have total power

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7
Q

Every man is against every man

A

Thomas Hobbes

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7
Q

Father of Liberalism

A

John Locke

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8
Q

True freedom according to Hobbes

A

surrendering our natural rights to a sovereign authority (Leviathan)

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9
Q
A
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9
Q
A
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10
Q
A
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11
Q
A
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Believed that human persons are born with inalienable but violable rights

A

John Locke

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13
Q

All men and women are created equal by God

A

John Locke

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14
Q

God bestowed us inviolable rights

A

John Locke

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15
Q

Fundamental rights according to John Locke

A

Life, Liberty, Property

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16
Q

What did John Locke believe about the government?

A

One must submit one’s will for the common good; legitimate government with limited power over citizens

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17
Q

Utilitarianism

A

John Stuart Mill

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18
Q

On Liberty (1859)

A

John Stuart Mill

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18
Q

Greatest good for the greatest number of people

A

John Stuart Mill

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19
Q

We are free to pursue our own happiness so long as we don’t harm/deprive other people of their happiness

A

John Stuart Mill

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20
Q

Believed that government should maintain balance while maximizing freedom and welfare

A

John Stuart Mill

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21
Q

Too much individual freedom leads to?

A

anarchy

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22
Q

Too much government freedom leads to?

A

depotism/tyranny

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23
Q

People who agrees that there should be restrictions on freedom
(given negative freedom ideology)

A

Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
John Stuart Mill

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24
Q

Positive Freedom

A

Self-rule (being your own master)

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25
Q

Freedom To

A

Positive Freedom

26
Q

Self-govern and self-determine which course of action is necessary and important for the person

A

Positive Freedom

27
Q

Self-mastery is achieved from abstaining of the desires of the flesh

A

Buddhism

28
Q

What happens when our actions are based on the desire?

A

we create unrealistic expectations

29
Q

What does buddhism believe about human life?

A

suffering

30
Q

Samsara

A

cycle of birth, life and death

31
Q

Nirvana

A

enlightenment/liberation

32
Q

How does one achieve Nirvana?

A

detach ourselves from the desires of the flesh

33
Q

Moral Autonomy

A

Immanuel Kant

34
Q

Moral Autonomy meaning

A

we are responsible for our actions since we are able to choose from right and wrong

35
Q

Freedom according to Immanuel Kant

A

acting in accordance to the Categorical Imperative

36
Q

Categorical Imperative

A

commands or moral laws all persons must follow

37
Q

Freedom according to Immanuel Kant

A

controlling our inclinations; expression of my own choice through rational matter

38
Q

Goodwill according to Immanuel Kant

A

rational will of the individual

39
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

Social Contract

40
Q

Social Contract

A

Agreement among people to surrender to the whole community (general will), making the whole community sovereign

41
Q

Freedom according to Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

Freedom means participation in the Social contract

42
Q

“Men are born free, yet everywhere are in chains”

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

43
Q

Focused on the relationship between Freedom and Society

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

44
Q

Freedom is enviable, however, problems arise from irresponsibility and thoughtless decisions; leading to manipulation

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

45
Q

Solution of Jean-Jacques Rousseau to the flawed human nature

A

Develop a social covenant that would regulate or limit vicious human tendencies

46
Q

Freedom as Self-Realization

A

Erich Fromm and Rudolf Steiner

47
Q

Author of Escape from Freedom

A

Erich Fromm

48
Q

Freedom according to Erich Fromm

A

Freedom means self-realization

49
Q

Self-realization is accomplished by realizing that man’s total personality, by active expression of his emotional and intellectual potentials

A

Erich Fromm

50
Q

Freedom is an inner and spiritual activity of the mind

A

Rudolf Steiner

51
Q

Holistic perspective of Freedom according to Rudolf Steiner

A

freedom is an inner and spiritual activity of the mind

52
Q

Existentialist notion of Freedom

A

Freedom as Responsibility

53
Q

Existentialism

A

the human person is not born with an essence

54
Q

Life has no determinate/inherent meaning

A

Existentialism

55
Q

The choices we make determine the kind of life we create

A

Existentialism

56
Q

Life is dependent upon how an individual gives meaning to it

A

Existentialism

57
Q

Existence Precedes Essence

A

Jean-Paul Sartre

58
Q

We are all doomed to be free

A

Jean-Paul Sartre

59
Q

Existential Anguish

A

anxiety and feeling of being lost due to the burden of responsibility

60
Q

Bad Faith

A

inauthenticity

61
Q

Rejection of the world’s meaninglessness and in denial of one’s freedom

A

Bad Faith

62
Q

Authenticity

A

conscious choices and mindful actions without total disregard of the other

63
Q

Essentialism

A

we are born with an essence

64
Q

What happens when you remove something’s essence?

A

it becomes useless

65
Q

all actions/events that occur are influenced or conditioned by prior causes or reason

A

Determinism

66
Q

Compatibalism

A

Soft-Determinism

67
Q

even though external factors are present, humans still have a degree of free will

A

Soft-Determinism

68
Q

Incompatibalism

A

Hard-Determinism

69
Q

since all events are already determined and inevitable, free will is an illusion

A

Hard-Determinism

70
Q

Libertarianism

A

Our actions are freely chosen.

71
Q

Leicippus and Democritus

A

Atomism

72
Q

Pierre-Simon Laplace

A

Demon thought experiment

73
Q

Six types of freedom

A
  1. Physical
  2. Psychological
  3. Moral
  4. Social
  5. Political
  6. Existential
74
Q

Moral Agency

A

capacity to create moral decisions and be morally responsible based on your own morality

75
Q

Moral Virtue

A

a set of good characteristics that allows one to act morally

philo (2 decks)

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