Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Continuation > human form and function (01) > Flashcards

human form and function (01) Flashcards

1
Q

What are respiratory pigments?

A

Respiratory pigments are organic compounds which can combine with oxygen where the partial pressure of oxygen is high, and release oxygen where the partial pressure of oxygen is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of respiratory pigments

A

They can combine with oxygen where the partial pressure of oxygen is high, and release oxygen where the partial pressure of oxygen is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why has the transportation of blood become a problem for complex animals?

A

Since oxygen is less soluble in watery mediums including blood, transportation of oxygen from the respiratory surface to the tissues/organs is a problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How have complex animals overcome the problem of transportation of blood?

A

By evolving respiratory pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Write examples for different respiratory pigments that can be seen in the animal kingdom

A

Haemoglobin
Haemocyanin
Chlorocruorin
Haemoerythrin
Myogoblin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Write the location of haemoglobin

A

It is present in the blood of humans, vertebrates and annelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Write the location of haemocyanin

A

It’s present in the hemolymph of arthropods and molluscs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Write the location of chlorocruorin

A

It’s present in the blood of many annelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Write the location of haemoerythrin

A

It’s present in the blood of marine invertebrates (some annelids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Write the location of myoglobin

A

present in vertebrae muscle tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Write the functions of hemoglobin, hemocyanin, chlorocruorin, and haemoerythrin

A

Transportation of oxygen from the respiratory surfaces to the tissues/organs while transporting carbon dioxide from tissues/organs to the respiratory surface for elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Write the function of myoglobin

A

Oxygen storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What molecules is responsible for the transport of oxygen around the body?

A

Haemoglobin molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the nature of a hemoglobin molecule

A

Hemoglobin is composed of 4 subunits

Each subunit is composed of a globin protein and the haem group

A ferrous (iron) atom is located within each haem group and each of these can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

So, each hemoglobin molecule can carry upto 4 oxygen molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are haem groups responsible for?

A

The characteristic red colour of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the ferrous (iron) atom within each haem group?

A

Each of these can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule carry?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Write the chemical equations for the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin

A

Hb + 4O2 ————-> HbO8

(Hemoglobin molecules) <———— Oxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the ways CO2 is transported?

A

As HCO3- ions in the plasma

As carbaminohemoglobin

Dissolved in the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What % of CO2 is transported as HCO3- ions in the plasma?

A

about 70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What % of CO2 is transported as carbaminohemoglobin?

A

about 23%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What % of CO2 is transported dissolved in the plasma?

A

about 7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe how carbon dioxide ions transport as HCO3- ions in the plasma

A

When CO2 diffuses into red blood cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzed the combination of CO2 with water to form HCO3- and H+ ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in transporting HCO3- ions in the plasma

A

When CO2 diffuses into red blood cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzed the combination of CO2 with water to form HCO3- and H+ ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does the HCO3- ions move out?

A

The HCO3- moves out of the erythrocytes into the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does CO2 transport as carbaminohemoglobin?

A

CO2 combines with the protein group of hemoglobin and forms carbaminohemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why does CO2 not compete with the oxygen binding sites in hemoglobin?

A

Because CO2 combines with the protein group of hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is CO2 transported while dissolved in plasma?

A

as free gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is a connective tissue composed of cells and plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

cells
plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where are red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets developed from?

A

From the bone marrow in the bones such as
ribs
pelvis
sternum
vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is erythropoietin hormone from?

A

the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does erythropoietin hormone stimulate?

A

It stimulates the generation of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 3 types of cellular components of blood

A

Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Write the features of a red blood cell

A

Small

Bi-concave

Disk-like cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What organelles do RBC lack

A

Mature erythrocytes lack nuclei

Mitochondria

37
Q

Why do mature erythrocytes lack nuclei?

A

This character helps transport more hemoglobin molecules within the cell.

38
Q

Why do RBC lack mitochondria?

A

Because they lack mitochondria, they produce ATP via anaerobic respiration.

If they produce ATP via aerobic respiration, that will reduce the oxygen transport efficiency

39
Q

What is the life span of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

40
Q

How many RBCs are found in a microliter of blood

A

4-6 million RBC (this figure can vary depending on the gender and health status)

41
Q

Write the main functions of RBC

A

Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules

42
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

43
Q

Write the functions of WBC

A

Body defense

Phagocytic engulfing

Digesting microorganisms

They develop into T cells and B cells which increase the immune response against foreign substances

44
Q

Write the reason WBC develop into T cells and B cells?

A

to increase the immune response against foreign substances

45
Q

Where are platelets derived from?

A

Bone marrow cells

46
Q

What feature don’t platelets have?

A

Nuclei

47
Q

Write the major function of platelets

A

Blood clotting

48
Q

What does blood plasma consist of?

A

Water
Nutrients
Hormones
Metabolic Wastes
Respiratory Gases
Inorganic ions in dissolved forms
Plasma Proteins (such as Albumin)
Antibodies and fibrinogen

49
Q

What is the pH of human blood

A

Around 7.4

50
Q

What is the protein concentration of plasma higher than?

A

Interstitial fluid

51
Q

Write the functions of the components of blood plasma

A

The dissolved ions in the plasma buffers and maintains the osmotic balance of blood

Albumin in the plasma buffers the blood

Antibodies are involved in defense

Fibrinogen in plasma aids in blood clotting

52
Q

Write the function of the dissolved ions in the plasma

A

The dissolved ions in the plasma buffers and maintains the osmotic balance of blood

53
Q

Write the function of the albumin in the plasma

A

Buffers the blood

54
Q

Write the function of the antibodies in the plasma

A

They’re involved in defense

55
Q

Write the function of fibrinogen in plasma

A

Aids in blood clotting

56
Q

What is serum?

A

When clotting factors are removed from the plasma, it is called serum.

57
Q

When clotting factors are removed from the plasma, what is it called?

A

Serum

58
Q

Write the major functions of blood

A

Defense against foreign invasions

Aids in osmoregulation

Transporting nutrients

Transporting oxygen to organs and removing carbon dioxide from tissues and organs

Transporting soluble excretory materials to organs of excretion

Transporting hormones from the glands where they are produced to target organs

59
Q

What is a blood clot?

A

When a tissue is damaged, blood flows from it ad coagulates to form a blood clot

60
Q

Write the functions of a blood clot

A

This prevents further blood loss

Prevents the entry of pathogenic microorganisms which is of clear survival value

61
Q

Describe the reactions that take place in order for coagulation to occur

A

A highly complex series of reactions take place

A cascade reaction

62
Q

Describe how a blood clot is formed.

A

When the blood vessel is damaged, the connective tissues of the vessel wall is exposed.

So, the platelets in blood adhere to the collagen fibers of the connective tissue and release substances that make the nearby platelets sticky

This platelet plug provides instant protection against blood loss

Then, platelets release clotting factors.

Clotting factors trigger the formation of thrombin.

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Next, this fibrin aggregates into threads that forms a network of the clot

The activated thrombin is also involved in forming more thrombin which completes the formation of the blood clot.

63
Q

How is a platelet plug formed?

A

When the blood vessel is damaged, the connective tissues of the vessel wall is exposed.

So, the platelets in blood adhere to the collagen fibers of the connective tissue and release substances that make the nearby platelets sticky

64
Q

Write the functions of a platelet plug

A

This platelet plug provides instant protection against blood loss

65
Q

Write the function of clotting factors

A

Clotting factors trigger the formation of thrombin.

66
Q

Write the function of thrombin

A

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

The activated thrombin is also involved in forming more thrombin which completes the formation of the blood clot.

67
Q

Write the function of fibrin

A

fibrin aggregates into threads that forms a network of the clot

68
Q

Where can clotting factors be found?

A

Platelets

Damaged Cells

Plasma

69
Q

Give examples for clotting factors

A

Calcium

Vitamin K

70
Q

Why does the blood in undamaged vessels not clot?

A

Because the vessel’s lining is very smooth and does not promote platelet aggregation or cell rupture

Some substances like heparin prevents clotting.
Heparin prevents the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin and fibrinogen into fibrin and is widely used as an anticoagulant clinically.

71
Q

Write the function of heparin

A

Some substances like heparin prevents clotting.

Heparin prevents the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin and fibrinogen into fibrin and is widely used as an anticoagulant clinically.

72
Q

Where is heparin used?

A

It is widely used clinically as an anticoagulant

73
Q

What are agglutinogen?

A

The surface of blood contains antigens called agglutinogens

74
Q

What are the 2 antigens/agglutinogens

A

Antigen A
Antigen B

75
Q

What are the 2 antibodies?

A

Anti- A / Antibody a
Anti-B / Antibody b

76
Q

How is the ABO blood group system originated?

A

The surface of blood cells carries antigens called agglutinogens. In addition, individuals have antibodies in the plasma.

A person with a specific antigen in red cells do no possess the corresponding antibody in the plasma

ex: anyone with antigen A in the blood cell membrane has no anti-A antibody in the plasma.

This concept is used to originate the ABO blood grouping system

77
Q

According to the ABO blood group system, what are the 4 blood groups?

A

A
B
AB
O

78
Q

How is blood group A defined?

A

If the red blood cells of a person has antigen A and plasma has antibodies b (Anti-B) then that person’s blood group is A

79
Q

How is blood group B defined?

A

If the red blood cells of a person has antigen B and the plasma has antibodies a (Anti-A), then that person’s blood group is B

80
Q

How is blood group AB defined?

A

If the red blood cells of a person has both antigen A and B and the plasma has no anti-A or anti-B, then that person’s blood group is AB

81
Q

How is blood group O defined?

A

If the red blood cells of a person has neither antigen A or B but the plasma has both antibodies a and b (Anti-A and Anti-B) then that person’s blood group is O

82
Q

What are the conditions in blood transfusion?

A

In blood transfusion, it is vital that they receive blood that is compatible with their own

It is important to know the blood groups of the donor and recipient

Prior to transfusion, cross-matching is still required to ensure that there is no reaction between donor and recipient blood.

83
Q

Write a vital factor in blood transfusion

A

In blood transfusion, it is vital that they receive blood that is compatible with their own

84
Q

Why is it vital that they receive blood that is compatible with their own in blood transfusion?

A

If its incompatible a type of immune response occurs.

This is because the donor’s RBC membranes possess a glycoprotein which act as antigens and react with antibodies (agglutinin) in the recipient’s plasma

The result is that the donor’s cells are agglutinated

85
Q

Why does a type of immune response occur when people receive blood that is compatible with their own in blood transfusion?

A

This is because the donor’s RBC membranes possess a glycoprotein which act as antigens and react with antibodies (agglutinin) in the recipient’s plasma

The result is that the donor’s cells are agglutinated

86
Q

When a blood transfusion occurs, why is it important to know the blood groups of the donor and recipient?

A

If its incompatible a type of immune response occurs.

This is because the donor’s RBC membranes possess a glycoprotein which act as antigens and react with antibodies (agglutinin) in the recipient’s plasma

The result is that the donor’s cells are agglutinated

87
Q

Why are people with blood group AB called “universal recipients”?

A

People with blood group AB make neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

Transfusion of type A,B,AB, and O blood into these individuals is likely to be safe since there are no antibodies to react with them.

So, they’re called universal recipients.

88
Q

Why are people with blood group O called “universal donors”?

A

An individual with blood group O has neither antigen A or antigen B in the plasma membrane of red blood cells. But they do have both antibodies (anti-A and anti-B) in their plasma

So individuals having blood group O can donate blood to people with any blood group

So, they’re called universal donors.

89
Q

What must be required prior to blood transfusion?

A

Prior to transfusion, cross-matching is still required to ensure that there is no reaction between donor and recipient blood.

Continuation (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions