Human Factors: Basic Concepts Flashcards
The three basics components of the Threat and error management (TEM) model are, from the perspective of flight crews, errors, and undesired aircraft states. With regard to errors, the TEM model….
Considers three categories of errors, namely, aircraft handling, procedural and communications
Threat and error management (TEM) is an overarching safety concept regarding aviation operations and human performance. Within the TEM framework, and according to ICAO annex 1 on a personnel licensing, error is defined as…
An action or inaction by an operational person that leads to deviations from organisational or the operational persons intentions or expectations.
What is an example of an undesired aircraft state ?
Not following ATC speed restrictions
What are the main components of safety management system (SMS)
Safety policy, safety risk management, safety assurance and safety promotion
Give some examples that are procedural error (TEM model)
Call-outs: omitted/incorrect call-outs
Documentation: wrong weight and balance, fuel information, ATIS or clearance information recorded misinterpreted items on paperwork; incorrect logbook entries or incorrect application of MEL procedures
Checklist: wrong challenge and response; items missed, checklist performed late or at the wrong time
According to the threat and error management (TEM) model, what is the correct definition of “undesired aircraft state”?
It is an undesired flight situation associated with a reduction in margins of safety
GPWS systems and SOPs are examples of which type of counter measures in the threat and error management (TEM) model
Systemic based
The cabin crew member noticed the flight deck door wasn’t properly closed and called the flight deck, asking the captain to look back to check the door behind them. However the captain misunderstood the message as an instruction to turn the plane around. What type of error is this ?
Communication
What promotes safety culture in a company
Upper levels of management provide required resources
Complete the following statement;
During and approach with thunderstorms in the vicinity, the pilot notices that the visibility has dropped below minimum. This is (1) …….. and it can be (2)……. By a proper briefing.
. (1) threat
.(2) predicted
Consider the training and assessment of pilots. Which of the following is one of the eight core competencies ?
A) situation awareness
B) captaincy
C) judgement and determination
D) synergy
Situation awareness
Consider the threat and error management (TEM) model. A flight crew experiences an undesired aircraft state (UAS). The most correct course of action is to:
Take immediate countermeasures to recover to a normal operational state
On a multi-crew commercial flight, the pilot monitoring is busy speaking to ATC when the pilot flying changes the autopilot mode, and makes the appropriate call-out, but the pilot monitoring does not hear the call out. What has happened ?
A communication threat, because the disruption prevented the crew from communicating the changes to maintain a shared mental picture
Whilst en route to the destination, the commander, who is flying the aircraft, briefs on the correct approach procedure, with the co- pilot monitoring height and speed on the approach. During the approach for landing, the flight crew inadvertently allowed the speed to increase above that required by the published approach procedure. And the co pilot missed and ATC call. This situation is an example of:
A handling error by the commander and a procedural and communication error by the co pilot
What is possibly achievable in commercial aviation in respect of flight safety
Risk should be decreased as much as commercially possible
Which of the following is an environmental threat according to the TEM model ?
A) aircraft hardware design
B) a contaminated runway
C) a crew scheduling error
D) a maintenance error
B) a contaminated runway
What are the main components of an SMS
Safety policy
Safety risk management
Safety assurance
Safety promotion
The errors resulting from an illogical indexing system in an operations Manuel are related, according to the SHELL model, to a conflict between ?
Live wire - software
Risk management is more effective with what component of a safety culture ?
Informed culture
An aircraft departs from a major airport. According to the pre flight brief, the commander flies the departure procedure and the co pilot monitors speed, level and communications. After departure, Due to the distraction caused by ATC transmissions, the co pilot retracts the flaps without noticing them hat the speed is below that required for flap retraction. While responding to the subsequent speed warning, the commander allows the aircraft to climb above its cleared altitude. What are the error types illustrated in this scenario ?
Handling error: commander failed to control the speed and dials to control the rate of climb
Procedural error: co pilot fails to monitor flight the speed and altitude
The co- pilot is assigned the role of communicating with ATC. The ATC relays to the co pilot the clearance, and the co pilot responds with and incorrect clearance. The ATC controller and the PIC fail to notice the co pilot makes an incorrect read back. What errors have occurred
Communication error by the co pilot, PIC and ATC
Considering the Threat and error management (TEM), from the perspective of the flight crew, which of the following options is a latent organisational threat ?
A) adverse weather en route, including thunderstorms, turbulence, wind shear and icing
B) Operational pressure resulting from delays, late arrivals, equipment changes
C) failure to cross verify automation inputs
D) proceeding towards a wrong waypoint
B) Operational pressure resulting from delays, late arrivals, equipment changes
Consider TEM. Which of the following is an example of an organisational threat ?
A) flying over mountains, valleys, and built up areas
B) using incorrect or expired charts
B) using incorrect or expired charts
What are the elements of the SHELL concept ?
Software, hardware, environmental, and live ware
The pilot monitoring speaks out loud whenever he/she changes an input setting on a navigation instrument. The pilot flying detects an error in one digit set and immediately point out the mistake so that it can be correct.
This is an example of threat and error management (TEM)….
Execution-countermeasure, aimed to help detect possible error.
The commander and copilot missed and item on the pre flight checklist, resulting in them taking off with zero flap setting. This incident was the outcome of and error characterised as….
Procedural error
Safety culture is….
Considered to be a sub set of national culture
A pallet of freight is added to an aircraft’s forward hold mistakenly, instead of the rear hold. What effect will this have on the aircraft’s handling characteristics
It will make the aircraft nose heavy, adversely affecting climb performance
Civil aviation is generally recognised for being
An open culture activity
According to James Reason, an organisation which collects and analyses relevant data related to which component of safety culture ?
Informed
Competence of an Individual pilot is based on…. ?
Knowledge, skill, and attitude
The commander of an aircraft realises that he is executing a high approach with a rapidly decreasing airspeed. He decides to set the throttle to idle power to increase the descent rate. At the same time, the autopilot switches into a different mode than the required one, but the commander does not notice because his attention is captured by the instrument cross check. The error of the commander can be classified as ?
Handling error
According to annex 1 of the convention of international civil aviation, competency is defined as…
A combination of skills, knowledge and attitudes required to perform a task to the prescribed standard
A commercial organisation invests heavily in new technology solely to reduce a hazard that has a safety risk index of “acceptable”. According to ICAO Doc 9859, what is the probable outcome ?
The cost can reduce profits with minimal safety improvements, and could lead to bankruptcy
What contributes to a safety culture?
The highest levels of management making the necessary resources available
In the Swiss cheese model, what do holes represent ?
Errors in the system or process
What is an informed culture ?
An informed culture actively collects, analyses and distributes safety related data.
What is the SMS component that deals with safety education and communication
Safety promotion
The role of a “learning culture” within a good safety culture is that ?
Processes and procedures must be adjusted to detect threats and errors
What is an example of “hard” systematic based countermeasures that flight crew use to manage threats, errors, and undesired aircraft states ?
Airborne collisions avoidance systems (ACAS)
In an organisation where a good safety culture is predominant, the accountability test largely with….
Management
In a company, a safety culture is established where a person is not legally prosecuted when committing an error without intent, but where intentional violation or negligent behaviour are not tolerated. This safety culture is called….
Just culture
One major component of an SMS is…
Safety risk management
A typical example of an UAS to the TEM model would be:
Flying too fast and/ or too high during and approach
A pilot becomes skilled when he/she?
Trains or practices regularly
Knows how to manage himself/herself
Knows how to keep resources in reserve for coping with the unexpected
Which safety culture would be suited for a company using fatigue risk management system (FRMS)?
Learning culture
Which of the following can be classified as a letter threat to the flight crew ?
A) an in flight aircraft malfunction
B) an equipment design issue
C) flying into a known, congested airport
B) an equipment design issue
