Human Factors Flashcards
Define ‘Slip’
A correct intention that is not carried out as planned.
Define ‘Lapse’
A failure to do something.
Define ‘Mistake’
An action performed as intended but the plan is incorrect
define ‘violation’
a deliberate action that is known to be against the rules.
What is a latent error?
A causal factor that contributes to an event, such as from a system or a procedure design. Can lay dormant for a long time and therefore not immediately obvious.
What is an active error
Events occurring immediately before an incident or accident.
What is fatigue?
Physical or mental weariness due to lack of rest
What are the types of fatigue?
Acute
Chronic
Mental
What does SHELL stand for?
Software Hardware Environment Liveware Liveware
What is automation in ATC used for?
Efficiency
Safety
Capacity
Give examples of L-E (SHELL)
Liveware - Environment Temperature Humidity Lighting tower position
Give examples of L-L (SHELL)
Liveware - Liveware
Communication
Teamwork
Human Interaction
What are the two stages of communication?
Transmission and Reception
What is perception?
The personal interpretation of information
What are the stages of understanding?
1 - Input problem 2 - Mental processing 3 - Solution Correct? 4 - Solution Wrong 5 - Rethink 6 - Revise mental thinking 7 - Revise input
Can errors be controlled?
No
What is boredom
?
A subjective state causing weariness or restlessness through lack of interest. Not confined to simple or repetitive tasks - more likely to arise with good task performance.
What can increase boredom?
Passivity Requirement to maintain alertness Fewer skill opportunities Reduced human intervention Reduced job challenge Reduction in job esteem
What is acute fatigue?
Minor fatigue, associated with activity over 2 regular sleeping periods. Need a regular sleep period to recover. Can cause irritability, inattention, distractability, loss of accuracy and control, lac of awareness
What is chronic fatigue?
Serious - inadequate recovery from several acute periods. May take several weeks to recover. Can cause irritability, insomnia, depression, poor judgement, poor motivation, loss of appetite, weight loss
What is mental fatigue?
A result of emotional stress, even with normal physical rest
Is the use of stimulants recommended to help fatigue?
No
Can you overcome fatigue?
Yes
What is the difference between tiredness and fatigue?
Tiredness you can be jumped out of, fatigue you cant.
Sources of Stress
Continuous high task demands Vague or ambiguous procedures Working hours Inexperienced colleagues Bereavement
Symptoms of Stress
Self-medication Excessive drinking High absenteeism Easily irritated Difficult as a colleague Readily tired Difficult to manage Depression
Positive professional attitudes
Good punctuality Rigour Adherance to rules Positive teamwork Encouraging a positive safety culture
What are the types of stress
Survival Stress
Internal Stress
Environmental Stress
Fatigue and Overwork
Positive results of stress
(if in moderation)
Increases chance of survival
Motivates performance
Can increase long-term health
Aim of Air Traffic Control
Safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic
What is mitigation?
Reducing the likelihood of a hazard causing an accident.
What should not be considered with mitigation?
Cost
How is environment categorised?
Physical
Cognitive
Organisational
What is ergonomic?
The study of people in relation to their work environment
What is the definition of a system?
A set of connecting things or parts, organised body of parts, a complex whole.
How should information be presented?
Relevant, timely and accurate
What factors affect performance?
Culture/Attitudes Boredom/Fatigue/Over confidence Teamwork Basic work needs Stress
What is situational awareness?
The ability of remain constantly aware of the requirements of each aircraft
What two forms of memory contribute to situational awareness?
Long term and short term
What two factors contribute to memory to affect situational performance
Expectation
Reality
What is the definition of learning?
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
What are the three components of understanding?
There must be a problem
The problem may not be solvable
An input must be made
What are the three types of team member?
Doer
Thinker
Carer
What is a positive group? And a negative group?
Inclusive / Exclusive
What is surface learning?
Concentration purely on assessment requirements
Failure to reflect on underlying purpose or strategy
What is deep learning?
Attempt to turn ideas into their own personalised structure of knowledge
Reasons for automation?
Stop idleness
Routine, unskilled tasks are completed consistently
Does not require indefinite monitoring
Does not care for respect or opinion
Reasons against automation?
Over-reliance on computer
Decrease in staff numbers
Decrease in team participation
Limited options
Types of stress
Survival - fight or flight
Internal - worry
Environmental
Fatigue
Human error can be the result of:
A function of system design
Associated with personal attributes
Due to the task, equipment or procedures
If a license is suspended, it is:
temporarily withdrawn and may be returned at a later date
If a licence is revoked it is:
Permanently removed, either totally or in part.
Why is a violation not an error?
It is a conscious decision
What is the Rasmussen Model also known as?
Performance Classification
What are the three components of performance classification?
Skill Based
Rule Based
Knowledge Based
What is the Reason Model also known as?
Latent Conditions/Swiss Cheese model
What is the window of opportunity?
The opportunity for active and latent errors to contribute to an accident
What is a causation chain?
All the windows of opportunity aligning to cause the accident
What are the 4 components of the Reason model (Swiss cheese model?)
Active errors
Latent Errors
Window of Opportunity
Causation Chain
What are the two components of error?
Intentional actions and unintentional actions
What are the three forms of unintentional actions?
Slips
Lapse
Mistakes
What is the most complex part of the SHELL model?
Liveware
What is the most capable part of the SHELL model?
Liveware
What are the 4 mechanisms of information processing?
Sensory
Perception
Decision
Effector or response
How is liveware to liveware risk mitigated?
Standard phraseology
What is the transmission loop?
Controller transmission Pilot hearback Pilot readback Controller Hearback Controller Correction (if required)
When are errors most likely to occur?
When busy
When overloaded or underloaded
First and last 15 minutes of duty
What is hearing?
A passive process, the stimulation of auditory nerves by soundwaves
What is listening?
An active process, the selecting, attending, understanding and remembering of information
What is the expectancy factor?
Can be reflexive or anticipatory, caused by prior experience or knowledge. Causes readback/hearback errors
Who developed the SHELL model?
Modified by Hawkins
What are the stages of the Swiss cheese model?
Decision Makers (latent) -> Line Management (latent) -> Preconditions (latent) ->Productive activities/unsafe acts (active) - Inadequate defences (active)
