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Human Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘Slip’

A

A correct intention that is not carried out as planned.

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2
Q

Define ‘Lapse’

A

A failure to do something.

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3
Q

Define ‘Mistake’

A

An action performed as intended but the plan is incorrect

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4
Q

define ‘violation’

A

a deliberate action that is known to be against the rules.

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5
Q

What is a latent error?

A

A causal factor that contributes to an event, such as from a system or a procedure design. Can lay dormant for a long time and therefore not immediately obvious.

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6
Q

What is an active error

A

Events occurring immediately before an incident or accident.

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7
Q

What is fatigue?

A

Physical or mental weariness due to lack of rest

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8
Q

What are the types of fatigue?

A

Acute
Chronic
Mental

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9
Q

What does SHELL stand for?

A 
Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware
Liveware
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10
Q

What is automation in ATC used for?

A

Efficiency
Safety
Capacity

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11
Q

Give examples of L-E (SHELL)

A 
Liveware - Environment
Temperature
Humidity
Lighting
tower position
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12
Q

Give examples of L-L (SHELL)

A

Liveware - Liveware
Communication
Teamwork
Human Interaction

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13
Q

What are the two stages of communication?

A

Transmission and Reception

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14
Q

What is perception?

A

The personal interpretation of information

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15
Q

What are the stages of understanding?

A 
1 - Input problem
2 - Mental processing
3 - Solution Correct?
4 - Solution Wrong
5 - Rethink
6 - Revise mental thinking
7 - Revise input
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16
Q

Can errors be controlled?

A

No

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17
Q

What is boredom

?

A

A subjective state causing weariness or restlessness through lack of interest. Not confined to simple or repetitive tasks - more likely to arise with good task performance.

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18
Q

What can increase boredom?

A 
Passivity
Requirement to maintain alertness
Fewer skill opportunities
Reduced human intervention
Reduced job challenge
Reduction in job esteem
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19
Q

What is acute fatigue?

A

Minor fatigue, associated with activity over 2 regular sleeping periods. Need a regular sleep period to recover. Can cause irritability, inattention, distractability, loss of accuracy and control, lac of awareness

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20
Q

What is chronic fatigue?

A

Serious - inadequate recovery from several acute periods. May take several weeks to recover. Can cause irritability, insomnia, depression, poor judgement, poor motivation, loss of appetite, weight loss

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21
Q

What is mental fatigue?

A

A result of emotional stress, even with normal physical rest

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22
Q

Is the use of stimulants recommended to help fatigue?

A

No

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23
Q

Can you overcome fatigue?

A

Yes

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24
Q

What is the difference between tiredness and fatigue?

A

Tiredness you can be jumped out of, fatigue you cant.

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25
Sources of Stress
``` Continuous high task demands Vague or ambiguous procedures Working hours Inexperienced colleagues Bereavement ```
26
Symptoms of Stress
``` Self-medication Excessive drinking High absenteeism Easily irritated Difficult as a colleague Readily tired Difficult to manage Depression ```
27
Positive professional attitudes
``` Good punctuality Rigour Adherance to rules Positive teamwork Encouraging a positive safety culture ```
28
What are the types of stress
Survival Stress Internal Stress Environmental Stress Fatigue and Overwork
29
Positive results of stress
(if in moderation) Increases chance of survival Motivates performance Can increase long-term health
30
Aim of Air Traffic Control
Safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic
31
What is mitigation?
Reducing the likelihood of a hazard causing an accident.
32
What should not be considered with mitigation?
Cost
33
How is environment categorised?
Physical Cognitive Organisational
34
What is ergonomic?
The study of people in relation to their work environment
35
What is the definition of a system?
A set of connecting things or parts, organised body of parts, a complex whole.
36
How should information be presented?
Relevant, timely and accurate
37
What factors affect performance?
``` Culture/Attitudes Boredom/Fatigue/Over confidence Teamwork Basic work needs Stress ```
38
What is situational awareness?
The ability of remain constantly aware of the requirements of each aircraft
39
What two forms of memory contribute to situational awareness?
Long term and short term
40
What two factors contribute to memory to affect situational performance
Expectation | Reality
41
What is the definition of learning?
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
42
What are the three components of understanding?
There must be a problem The problem may not be solvable An input must be made
43
What are the three types of team member?
Doer Thinker Carer
44
What is a positive group? And a negative group?
Inclusive / Exclusive
45
What is surface learning?
Concentration purely on assessment requirements | Failure to reflect on underlying purpose or strategy
46
What is deep learning?
Attempt to turn ideas into their own personalised structure of knowledge
47
Reasons for automation?
Stop idleness Routine, unskilled tasks are completed consistently Does not require indefinite monitoring Does not care for respect or opinion
48
Reasons against automation?
Over-reliance on computer Decrease in staff numbers Decrease in team participation Limited options
49
Types of stress
Survival - fight or flight Internal - worry Environmental Fatigue
50
Human error can be the result of:
A function of system design Associated with personal attributes Due to the task, equipment or procedures
51
If a license is suspended, it is:
temporarily withdrawn and may be returned at a later date
52
If a licence is revoked it is:
Permanently removed, either totally or in part.
53
Why is a violation not an error?
It is a conscious decision
54
What is the Rasmussen Model also known as?
Performance Classification
55
What are the three components of performance classification?
Skill Based Rule Based Knowledge Based
56
What is the Reason Model also known as?
Latent Conditions/Swiss Cheese model
57
What is the window of opportunity?
The opportunity for active and latent errors to contribute to an accident
58
What is a causation chain?
All the windows of opportunity aligning to cause the accident
59
What are the 4 components of the Reason model (Swiss cheese model?)
Active errors Latent Errors Window of Opportunity Causation Chain
60
What are the two components of error?
Intentional actions and unintentional actions
61
What are the three forms of unintentional actions?
Slips Lapse Mistakes
62
What is the most complex part of the SHELL model?
Liveware
63
What is the most capable part of the SHELL model?
Liveware
64
What are the 4 mechanisms of information processing?
Sensory Perception Decision Effector or response
65
How is liveware to liveware risk mitigated?
Standard phraseology
66
What is the transmission loop?
``` Controller transmission Pilot hearback Pilot readback Controller Hearback Controller Correction (if required) ```
67
When are errors most likely to occur?
When busy When overloaded or underloaded First and last 15 minutes of duty
68
What is hearing?
A passive process, the stimulation of auditory nerves by soundwaves
69
What is listening?
An active process, the selecting, attending, understanding and remembering of information
70
What is the expectancy factor?
Can be reflexive or anticipatory, caused by prior experience or knowledge. Causes readback/hearback errors
71
Who developed the SHELL model?
Modified by Hawkins
72
What are the stages of the Swiss cheese model?
Decision Makers (latent) -> Line Management (latent) -> Preconditions (latent) ->Productive activities/unsafe acts (active) - Inadequate defences (active)

Human factors (2 decks)

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