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Human factors > Human Factors > Flashcards

Human Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘Slip’

A

A correct intention that is not carried out as planned.

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2
Q

Define ‘Lapse’

A

A failure to do something.

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3
Q

Define ‘Mistake’

A

An action performed as intended but the plan is incorrect

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4
Q

define ‘violation’

A

a deliberate action that is known to be against the rules.

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5
Q

What is a latent error?

A

A causal factor that contributes to an event, such as from a system or a procedure design. Can lay dormant for a long time and therefore not immediately obvious.

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6
Q

What is an active error

A

Events occurring immediately before an incident or accident.

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7
Q

What is fatigue?

A

Physical or mental weariness due to lack of rest

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8
Q

What are the types of fatigue?

A

Acute
Chronic
Mental

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9
Q

What does SHELL stand for?

A 
Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware
Liveware
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10
Q

What is automation in ATC used for?

A

Efficiency
Safety
Capacity

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11
Q

Give examples of L-E (SHELL)

A 
Liveware - Environment
Temperature
Humidity
Lighting
tower position
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12
Q

Give examples of L-L (SHELL)

A

Liveware - Liveware
Communication
Teamwork
Human Interaction

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13
Q

What are the two stages of communication?

A

Transmission and Reception

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14
Q

What is perception?

A

The personal interpretation of information

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15
Q

What are the stages of understanding?

A 
1 - Input problem
2 - Mental processing
3 - Solution Correct?
4 - Solution Wrong
5 - Rethink
6 - Revise mental thinking
7 - Revise input
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16
Q

Can errors be controlled?

A

No

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17
Q

What is boredom

?

A

A subjective state causing weariness or restlessness through lack of interest. Not confined to simple or repetitive tasks - more likely to arise with good task performance.

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18
Q

What can increase boredom?

A 
Passivity
Requirement to maintain alertness
Fewer skill opportunities
Reduced human intervention
Reduced job challenge
Reduction in job esteem
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19
Q

What is acute fatigue?

A

Minor fatigue, associated with activity over 2 regular sleeping periods. Need a regular sleep period to recover. Can cause irritability, inattention, distractability, loss of accuracy and control, lac of awareness

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20
Q

What is chronic fatigue?

A

Serious - inadequate recovery from several acute periods. May take several weeks to recover. Can cause irritability, insomnia, depression, poor judgement, poor motivation, loss of appetite, weight loss

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21
Q

What is mental fatigue?

A

A result of emotional stress, even with normal physical rest

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22
Q

Is the use of stimulants recommended to help fatigue?

A

No

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23
Q

Can you overcome fatigue?

A

Yes

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24
Q

What is the difference between tiredness and fatigue?

A

Tiredness you can be jumped out of, fatigue you cant.

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25
Q

Sources of Stress

A 
Continuous high task demands
Vague or ambiguous procedures
Working hours
Inexperienced colleagues
Bereavement
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26
Q

Symptoms of Stress

A 
Self-medication
Excessive drinking
High absenteeism
Easily irritated
Difficult as a colleague
Readily tired
Difficult to manage
Depression
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27
Q

Positive professional attitudes

A 
Good punctuality
Rigour
Adherance to rules
Positive teamwork
Encouraging a positive safety culture
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28
Q

What are the types of stress

A

Survival Stress
Internal Stress
Environmental Stress
Fatigue and Overwork

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29
Q

Positive results of stress

A

(if in moderation)
Increases chance of survival
Motivates performance
Can increase long-term health

30
Q

Aim of Air Traffic Control

A

Safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic

31
Q

What is mitigation?

A

Reducing the likelihood of a hazard causing an accident.

32
Q

What should not be considered with mitigation?

A

Cost

33
Q

How is environment categorised?

A

Physical
Cognitive
Organisational

34
Q

What is ergonomic?

A

The study of people in relation to their work environment

35
Q

What is the definition of a system?

A

A set of connecting things or parts, organised body of parts, a complex whole.

36
Q

How should information be presented?

A

Relevant, timely and accurate

37
Q

What factors affect performance?

A 
Culture/Attitudes
Boredom/Fatigue/Over confidence
Teamwork
Basic work needs
Stress
38
Q

What is situational awareness?

A

The ability of remain constantly aware of the requirements of each aircraft

39
Q

What two forms of memory contribute to situational awareness?

A

Long term and short term

40
Q

What two factors contribute to memory to affect situational performance

A

Expectation

Reality

41
Q

What is the definition of learning?

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience

42
Q

What are the three components of understanding?

A

There must be a problem
The problem may not be solvable
An input must be made

43
Q

What are the three types of team member?

A

Doer
Thinker
Carer

44
Q

What is a positive group? And a negative group?

A

Inclusive / Exclusive

45
Q

What is surface learning?

A

Concentration purely on assessment requirements

Failure to reflect on underlying purpose or strategy

46
Q

What is deep learning?

A

Attempt to turn ideas into their own personalised structure of knowledge

47
Q

Reasons for automation?

A

Stop idleness
Routine, unskilled tasks are completed consistently
Does not require indefinite monitoring
Does not care for respect or opinion

48
Q

Reasons against automation?

A

Over-reliance on computer
Decrease in staff numbers
Decrease in team participation
Limited options

49
Q

Types of stress

A

Survival - fight or flight
Internal - worry
Environmental
Fatigue

50
Q

Human error can be the result of:

A

A function of system design
Associated with personal attributes
Due to the task, equipment or procedures

51
Q

If a license is suspended, it is:

A

temporarily withdrawn and may be returned at a later date

52
Q

If a licence is revoked it is:

A

Permanently removed, either totally or in part.

53
Q

Why is a violation not an error?

A

It is a conscious decision

54
Q

What is the Rasmussen Model also known as?

A

Performance Classification

55
Q

What are the three components of performance classification?

A

Skill Based
Rule Based
Knowledge Based

56
Q

What is the Reason Model also known as?

A

Latent Conditions/Swiss Cheese model

57
Q

What is the window of opportunity?

A

The opportunity for active and latent errors to contribute to an accident

58
Q

What is a causation chain?

A

All the windows of opportunity aligning to cause the accident

59
Q

What are the 4 components of the Reason model (Swiss cheese model?)

A

Active errors
Latent Errors
Window of Opportunity
Causation Chain

60
Q

What are the two components of error?

A

Intentional actions and unintentional actions

61
Q

What are the three forms of unintentional actions?

A

Slips
Lapse
Mistakes

62
Q

What is the most complex part of the SHELL model?

A

Liveware

63
Q

What is the most capable part of the SHELL model?

A

Liveware

64
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of information processing?

A

Sensory
Perception
Decision
Effector or response

65
Q

How is liveware to liveware risk mitigated?

A

Standard phraseology

66
Q

What is the transmission loop?

A 
Controller transmission
Pilot hearback
Pilot readback
Controller Hearback
Controller Correction (if required)
67
Q

When are errors most likely to occur?

A

When busy
When overloaded or underloaded
First and last 15 minutes of duty

68
Q

What is hearing?

A

A passive process, the stimulation of auditory nerves by soundwaves

69
Q

What is listening?

A

An active process, the selecting, attending, understanding and remembering of information

70
Q

What is the expectancy factor?

A

Can be reflexive or anticipatory, caused by prior experience or knowledge. Causes readback/hearback errors

71
Q

Who developed the SHELL model?

A

Modified by Hawkins

72
Q

What are the stages of the Swiss cheese model?

A

Decision Makers (latent) -> Line Management (latent) -> Preconditions (latent) ->Productive activities/unsafe acts (active) - Inadequate defences (active)

Human factors (2 decks)

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