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CPL Theory > Human Factors > Flashcards

Human Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Define Professionalism

A

the conduct, aims, or qualities that characterize or mark a profession or a professional person

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2
Q

List of people whom pilot is responsible for carrying out their duties

A

Flight crew, ground crew

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3
Q

What are key features of good and safe airmanship? (5)

A 
Common sense
Good aviation practices 
High standards in the air
Ability to get along and communicate effectively 
Instill confidence in AirCrew or pax
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4
Q

Difference between personal flying vs hire-and-reward

A

Personal flying is flying yourself or passengers and the pilot pays for the entire flight costs
The term ‘for hire or reward’ means remuneration in terms of money, goods, credit, or any other form, for services rendered.

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5
Q

What is human factors in an aviation context?

A

HF is the study of the human’s capabilities limitations and behaviours and the integration of that knowledge into systems to reduce error, enhance safety and improve efficiency

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6
Q

What are the fundamentals of the SHELL Model? (5)

A

Software - the rules, procedures written docs etc which are part of the standard operating procedures

Hardware - the ATC suites, their config, controls and surfaces, displays and functional systems

Environment - the situation in which the L-M-S system must function, the social and economic climate as well as the natural environment

Liveware - the hum beings - human interaction

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7
Q

What is the objective of Human Factors programmes?

A

Enhance the HF/CRM skill of flight and cabin crew in NZ in order to reduce the risk of accidents and optimise safety performance.

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8
Q

Why is a HF programme important?

A

It is designed to reduce the breakdown in CRM, to enhance teamwork and other CRM processes, to improve their HF/CRM knowledge, skills and behaviour and to outline the need for a full integration of this non-technical training with existing technical training.

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9
Q

What is the percentage of the 2 main gasses in the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen - 78%

Oxygen - 21%

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10
Q

Why does pressure decrease with altitude?

A

Height of the overlying air column and the density of the air decrease.

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11
Q

How does an increase in altitude affect the partial pressure of oxygen?

A

Air becomes rarefied with increase in altitude. Additional oxygen is progressively required by the pilot to maintain the pressure of oxygen required in the lungs (102mm Hg)
At 34,000ft, the pilot must have 100% oxygen

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12
Q

How does the respiratory system work?

A

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi all work like a system of pipes through which the air is funnelled down into our lungs. There in very small air sacs called alveoli, oxygen is brought into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is pushed from the blood out into the air

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13
Q

What is the physiology of the respiratory system?

A

The ultimate function of the respiratory system is gas exchange. This gas exchange consists of obtaining oxygen from the atmosphere and removing carbon dioxide from the blood.

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14
Q

How does the circulatory system work?

A

The 3 independent systems, lungs (pulmonary), heart (cardiovascular) and arteries, veins and coronary and portal vessels (systemic). The system is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen and other gasses and as well as hormones to and from cells.

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15
Q

What is the physiology of the circulatory system?

A

The function of the circulatory system is to transport blood and oxygen from the lungs to the various tissues of the body.

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16
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen outside the lungs at AMSL?

A

150mm Hg

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17
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen inside the lungs at AMSL?

A

102 mmHg - presence of 2 gasses, carbon dioxide and water vapour

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18
Q

What is the mechanical effect of oxygen on oxygen transfer in the lungs?

A

Gasses in the lungs have to diffuse across the alveoli.

Each gas will diffuse from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

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19
Q

What are the causes of hypoxia?

A

Not enough oxygen in the air, deficiencies in the circulatory system transporting the oxygen or cell difficulty in absorbing the oxygen.

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20
Q

What are the physiological and behavioural consequences of hypoxia for flight crew and pax?

A

Many of the symptoms are subtle so the person suffering from hypoxia won’t know until it is too late. Person may begin to yawn or have a headache. Euphoria or fuzzy thinking may take place.

21
Q

What are the 10 symptoms of hypoxia?

A
  • Reduced night vision/reduced vision
  • Breathlessness/hyperventilate
  • Fatigue
  • A feeling of fuzziness when thinking
  • Difficulty performing simple mental tasks. i.e math
  • Difficulty recalling something that has just occurred or info on has just learned
  • a sense of euphoria
  • blue tinge to the fingers of lips
  • headache
  • unconsciousness
22
Q

Why is hypoxia hard to detect?

A

Very subtle symptoms. Fuzzy feeling or euphoria

23
Q

How does hypoxia affect vision and cognitive performance?

A

Vision becomes sluggish and there is difficulty carrying out near-vision related tasks

24
Q

How can hypoxia be prevented?

A

Cabin pressurisation or O2 mask - having both will provide greater assurance that hypoxia will be prevented

25
Q

What are the main factors that influence variation in hypoxia onset? (5)

A 
Pilot is not fit
Not well
Has had drugs or alcohol 
Cold temps
Strong G Forces
26
Q

What are the factors that affect the likelihood of suffering from Hypoxia? (5)

A 
Physical fitness
Cabin temp,
Altitude
Rate of ascent
duration at altitude
27
Q

How can hypoxia be treated?

A

Breathe oxygen from an O2 source or descend below 10,000ft ASML

28
Q

What is the ‘time of useful consciousness?

A

the period of elapsed time from the interruption of normal air supply or exposure to an oxygen poor environment until the time when the ability to function usefully is likely to be lost at which point an affected individual would be no longer capable of taking normal corrective action

29
Q

Time of useful consciousness at 18,000ft?

A

15 - 30 mins

30
Q

Time of useful consciousness at 25,000ft?

A

3-5 mins

31
Q

Time of useful consciousness at 35,000ft?

A

45-60 secs

32
Q

What is oxygen paradox?

A

When someone who is hypoxic is placed on O2, symptoms may worsen momentarily. LEAVE ON O2

33
Q

What are the common causes of hyperventilation? (5)

A

encountering unexpected / unfamiliar situations
excessive concentration on a flight procedure
experiencing a significant emergency
having difficulty accomplishing procedures
being examined or audited

34
Q

What are symptoms of hyperventilation? (10)

A 
pins and needles
increased heart rate
headache
nausea 
blurred vision
impaired judgement
memory impairment
muscle spasms and tics
muscle weakness
drowsiness
unconsciousness
35
Q

How can hyperventilation be treated? (6)

A 
Treat as hypoxia
O2 mask
slowing and deepening breath
breathing into paper bag - restores proper CO2 level in the body
warn others
36
Q

What are differences between hypoxia and hyperventilation

A

Hard to detect - hypoxia is worse

37
Q

What causes barotrauma?

A

Descending for landing - ear pain - differences in pressure between middle ear and outer ear

38
Q

What are the symptoms of barotrauma? (5)

A 
ear pain
a need to 'pop' ears
dizziness
bleeding or fluid coming from ear
hearing loss
39
Q

Where can barotrauma occur in the body?

A

Lungs

Ear

40
Q

What complications can barotrauma cause on the body? (4)

A

Breathing problems / chest pain
bloodshot eyes
vertigo or ear pain
facial pain or bloody nose

41
Q

How can you prevent barotrauma? (4)

A 
Swallowing
Chewing
Decongestant
Antihistamine
Eustachian tubes open
42
Q

What are the causes of decompression sickness?

A

Rapid decrease in the pressure that surrounds you

43
Q

What are the symptoms of decompression / the bends (5)

A 
joint pain
itchiness
numbness 
tingling
paralysis in parts of the body
44
Q

How can decompression sickness be prevented?

A

Cease scuba diving at a definite period before a planned flight

45
Q

How long should you wait before flying if you have dived more than 10m?

A

48hours

46
Q

How long should you wait before flying if you have dived less than 10m?

A

24hours

47
Q

How can you treat decompression sickness?

A

100% oxygen

Hyperbaric chamber

48
Q

How does explosive decompression affect the body?

A

Can cause lung damage

Hypoxia

49
Q

What actions must be taken if explosive decompression occurs?

A

Don oxygen mask

Sit down, buckle in and hold on

CPL Theory (6 decks)

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