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Human Factors Exam > Human Factors > Flashcards

Human Factors Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

What is the definition of ergonomics?

A

is the scientific discipline
concerned with the understanding of interactions among human
and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies
theory, principle, data, and other methods to design in order to
optimize human well-being and overall system performance.

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2
Q

Why do accidents happen in aviation and medical domains?
You should be able to analyze a
given case using what you studied in this class?

A

-The interface is confusing to the user
-The interface is cluttered with too much information/buttons
-Workers are tired
-The sounds of a machine’s noise are too consistent you block them out
-Human limitation
-Speed of mental capacity

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3
Q

How can “therbligs” developed by Glibreth be used to analyze tasks?

A

They help someone find the best/most efficient way to do a task by breaking it into simple tasks

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4
Q

Give examples of how biomechanical analysis can be used to improve human task design.

A

Motion Capture Technology
-Gait analysis
-Motion analysis
-Biomechanical analysis

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5
Q

What are the three levels of design appeal by Don Norman

A

visceral
behavioral
reflective

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6
Q

Describe how we see in terms of light entering through the eye anatomy

A

1) cornea-focuses light
2) iris-controls amount of light through the lens
3) lens-Focuses the light coming from an object onto receptors at the back of the eye

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7
Q

What is the difference between rods and cones

A

Rods
-Respond to low-intensity light
-Night vision, black & white
-Relatively low sensitivity to detail
-Concentrated toward the periphery of the retina
Cones
-Respond to bright light
-Daylight and color vision
-Relatively sensitive to detail
-Concentrated toward center of retina

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8
Q

What is the difference between adaptation and accommodation?

A

Adaptation
-Ability of the eye to adjust its sensitivity to
changing illumination
Accommodation
-Ability to focus on objects at varying
distances

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9
Q

What is the difference between visual acuity and contrast sensitivity?

A

Visual Acuity
-Ability to see fine detail
Contrast Sensitivity
-Ability to perceive the smallest
difference in brightness

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10
Q

How to calculate the visual angle

A

tan(angle/2)=L/2D
D-is distance from eye to object
L-length of what the eye can see

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11
Q

What is the effect of light intensity on human visual acuity and contrast sensitivity?

A

visual acuity
-Acuity increases with illumination
contrast sensitivity
-Sensitivity increases as surrounding luminance increases

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12
Q

What may cause glare in the workplace?

A

lighting
shiny surfaces
windows
screens

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13
Q

What causes visual strain? What are the occupational effects of visual strain?

A

Causes:
-Strenuous fine work
-Focus on distance other than resting distance of accommodation
-Reading poor print
-Inadequate lighting
-Flickering light
Occupational effects:
-Loss of productivity
-Lower quality
-More mistakes
-Increased accident rate
-Visual complaints9

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14
Q

List three recommendations regarding workplace design in terms of lighting/glare/window

A

1)Place light fixtures on either side of
workstation
2)Use indirect lighting reflected from the ceiling
to avoid glare
3)Use task lighting directed at the source
4) Line of sight parallel to Windows

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15
Q

List some recommendations for complex color displays

A
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16
Q

qualitative display design

A

-Qualitative display: indicates status,
approximate value, trends
-Saliency, visibility

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17
Q

quantitative display design

A
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18
Q

Scale display design

A

Scale can be straight, curved, circular
-Simple, uncluttered
-Numbers on outside of scale markings
-Show only divisions that need to be read
-Number all major marks
-Progressions of 1, 5, 10
-Increase from left-right, bottom-top, clockwise
-Pointer should have tip just at the
markings

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19
Q

3-D display design

A

Use of visual cues for 3D perception

20
Q

Computer generated

A

Use of icon, miniatures, links in dynamic display

21
Q

Color Displays

A

-Do not use more than 6 colors at the same time
-Avoid using combinations of highly
saturated, spectrally extreme colors
-Color of alphanumeric characters should
contrast sharply with background
-Use shape coding along with color

22
Q

Symbolic Display

A

Speed and accuracy for identify symbolic display affected by Gestalt organizational
principles

23
Q

Alphanumeric Display

A

Electronic displays luminance level
-Car dashboard
-Cockpit design
Types of control
-Adjustable
-Automatic luminance control in commercial
aircrafts

24
Q

Describe measures for loudness of sound

A

-The physical unit of sound pressure is microscale
-Psychological Loudness measured in sones
-Physical intensity is measured in decibels (dB)

25
Q

What range of pitch can humans detect? What range is humans most sensitive to?

A

Human range of detection:
-20 μPa to more than 1,000,000 μPa
-Human range of detection: 16 Hz to 20,000 Hz

26
Q

Describe when visual display is better and when auditory display is better

A

Auditory is better when
-Message is simple, short
-Demands immediate attention
-Operator is mobile
Visual is better when
-Message is long, complex
-Message must be referred to later
-Message conveys spatial information

27
Q

List some recommendations in designing auditory signals

A

-Minimize the number: restrict to five or six high-priority warning
-Make content distinguishable
-Consider two-stage signals (nonverbal followed by a verbal)
-Invariance of meaning
-Compatibility of signal with the expected response
-Use different frequencies than ambient noise

28
Q

Describe the effect of noise on performance

A

-Difficulty in verbal communication
-Little effect on manual work
-Often interferes with complex mental
activity, high skill, or information
interpretation

29
Q

Describe the effect of noise on speech

A

-Ability to discriminate sound from noise
depends on the auditory (difference)
threshold
-Speech requires higher discriminability

30
Q

Describe the effect of noise on hearing,

A

Degeneration of the
auditory cells
-Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) occurs at
frequencies of exposure

31
Q

How can we calculate the noise load

A

average noise load-0.43(average-peak noise load)

32
Q

What are the methods of engineering control and administrative control for noise

A

Engineering control:
-Eliminate the noise
-Impede the transmission of noise
o Sound insulation on equipment: insulators vs. absorbers
o Sound insulation in work environment
Administrative control:
-Require hearing protection
-Remove the worker from the noise
-Benefit-cost ratio of hearing conservation
program

33
Q

How does working memory work

A

-Used when performing a task
-Mode of storage is visual & auditory (e.g.,
rehearsal)
-Half-time is 7 seconds (e.g., don’t remember the details of the route just driven)
-Information in WM is updated by LTM just-in-
time
-Capacity of WM limits our ability to
process information

34
Q

How is long-term memory organized? How to improve memory

A

-Categorically organized (systematically)

-Finding meaningful relationships with
previously stored information
-Rehearsal
-Mnemonics
-Verbal elaborative coding

35
Q

What is the role of sleep in long-term memory?

A

-REM sleep is important for procedural and emotional memory consolidation
-Slow-wave sleep is important for declarative
memory consolidation

36
Q

Describe the differences between single resource theory and multiple resource theory

A

-Single resource theory
-1 resource pool>1 distribution system>
Multiple resource theory
-Multiple resource pool>distrubtion systems

37
Q

Name three out of six sub-dimensions for mental workload as measured by NASA-TLX

A

1)Mental Workload
2)Physical Workload
3)Frustration

38
Q

Why is it that we cannot see some obvious things when we are focused on doing a different task

A

Selective Attention
o “Cognitive tunneling
oDistraction”
o Errors when unable to focus on relevant stimuli

39
Q

What are the three levels of situation awareness

A

Level 1. Perception of elements in the current
situation
Level 2. Comprehension of the current situation
Level 3. Projection of future status

40
Q

Is vigilance task easy or difficult? Give an example of vigilance task

A

-difficult
-no/go visual reaction time

41
Q

You should know how to perform calculations with Fitt’s law

A

MT(movements time)=a+b(log(2D(Distance to target)/W(Width of the target))

42
Q

List different types of controls

A

Activate/shut down
-Manual controls
-Foot-operated controls
-descrete controls
-continous controls

43
Q

Why is it important to know control response stereotypes

A

-Trained expectations about use of
controls
-Expectations & stereotypes should be
followed
-Violation of stereotypes leads to hazards
and accidents

44
Q

List different types of coding methods

A

-Size
-Shape
-Texture
-Location
-Mode of Operation
-Color
-Label

45
Q

List different ways of control layout

A

Ease of operation
1)Primary controls first
o Most important and most frequently used
2) Group related controls
o Related by sequence, function, or
simultaneous operation
3) Sequential operation
o Utilize pattern of operation

Human Factors Exam (2 decks)

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