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Module 9 Human Factors > HUMAN FACTORS > Flashcards

HUMAN FACTORS Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 10 Human factors disciplines

A 
clinical psychology 
experimental psychology 
anthropometrics
computer science
cognitive science
safety engineering
medical science
organisational psychology 
educational psychology
industrial engineering
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2
Q

Purpose of clinical psychology

A

Aims to promote well being, to provide coping mechanisms for stress and other adverse situations

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3
Q

Purpose of experimental psychology

A

The study of basic behavioural processes, such as learning, sensation and communication

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4
Q

Purpose of anthropometrics

A

Study of dimensions and the ability of the human body

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5
Q

Purpose of computer science

A

study of theoretical ideas, AMTs need reliable and easy to use computers with easy to use software

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6
Q

Purpose of cognitive science

A

The study of minds, including information processing, perception and language

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7
Q

Purpose of safety engineering

A

The safety system assures a life critical system behaves as required if it is needed, as well as being designed to a robust and reliable level

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8
Q

Purpose of medical science

A

The art of healing

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9
Q

Purpose of organizational psychology

A

Concerned with relations between people and work. Includes training, productivity satisfaction

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10
Q

Purpose of educational psychology

A

The study of how people learn and aims to design methods and materials to educate all

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11
Q

Purpose of industrial engineering

A

Is the organized approach to work with regards to facility layout, working environment, statistical analysis of work performance

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12
Q

What is the cornea

A

The clear window at the font of the eye, allows light to enter, the shape allows bending of incoming and is a fixed focusing device, providing between 70 and 80% of focusing ability

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13
Q

What is the iris and pupil

A

Iris is the coloured part, controls the amount of light that enters the eye, it does this with the pupil, the light levels can be adjusted by a factor of 5:1

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14
Q

What is the lens

A

The lens adjusts its shape with the ciliary muscles and achieves final focusing and provides sharp images.

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15
Q

What is accommodation

A

The changing shape of the lens

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16
Q

Factors that affect acommodation

A

Fatigue, age, results in less sharp viewing

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17
Q

The lens at short and long distances in order to focus does what?

A

Short distance thickens and long distance flattens

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18
Q

What is visual acuity

A

Sharpness of vision

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19
Q

With fatigue what happens to visual acuity?

A

With fatigue, accommodation reduces reducing acuity

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20
Q

Where is the retina?

A

The rear wall of the eyeball, connected to the optic nerve

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21
Q

What is the retina made up of?

A

Light sensitive cells, rods and cones

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22
Q

Cones function in?

A

Light conditions, detect fine detail and 1000 shades of colour

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23
Q

Rods function in?

A

The dark, poor at detail but good at peripheral vision

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24
Q

When are rods most sensitive?

A

Dark conditions

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25
What is in the centre of the retina
The fovea
26
What is the fovea made up of?
Entirely of cones
27
What does the fovea do?
Typically focuses the visual image,
28
What is the spread of rods and cones?
Dense cones in the fovea, moving outwards density of cones drop and rod density increases until the periphery of the retina where only rods reside
29
How does the image get to the optical nerve?
The light stimulates the rods and cones and pass small electrical impulses to the optic nerve to the visual cortex
30
What does the visual cortex do?
Interprets the image
31
factors affecting clarity of sight?
light levels, air quality, drugs, medication, alcohol
32
How many cells in the eye?
1.2 million
33
How many cells in the ear?
50000
34
By how much resolving power is lost in the fovea with 5 degree angular drop?
50%
35
what is hypermetropia?
long sightedness, caused by a shorter than normal eyeball, image forms behind the retina
36
What is myopia?
Short sightedness, longer than normal eye ball, image formed in front of retina
37
What is astigmatism?
Misshapen cornea, causing irregular shaped images
38
What is glaucoma?
Pressure build up in the eye ball
39
What is presbyopia?
Age causing the lens to become less flexible, reducing accommodation, causes long sightedness
40
Effect of smoking
Carbon monoxide build up reduce oxygen to the blood in the eyes, this is called hypoxia reducing sensitivity, same effect with alcohol
41
colour blindness in men %
8%
42
Colour blindness in women%
0.5%
43
Parts of the ear
Outer, middle, inner
44
Purpose of the outer ear?
Directs sounds down the auditory canal onto the ear drum causing it to vibrate
45
Purpose of the middle ear?
Contains the ossicles, (hammer anvil and stirrup) transmits vibrations to the fluid of the inner ear
46
What else is in the middle ear?
Two muscles to protect the ear when sound is above 80dB by up to 20 dB for 15 mins
47
Purpose of the cochlea?
Connected to the ossicles and uses the fluids movement against its hairs to transmit neural impulses to the brain via the auditory nerve
48
What replaced the 1989 noise at work regulation?
The control of noise at work regulations 2005
49
By how much do ear plugs reduce sound?
20 dB
50
By how much do ear defenders reduce sound?
40dB
51
What is sensory memory?
The storage of physical stimuli via sensory receptors (eyes or ears) for a short time
52
Types of attention
Divided Selective Focused Sustained
53
What is selective attention?
Occurs when a person monitors several sources of input
54
What is divided attention?
Multi tasking
55
What is focused attention?
Purely focusing on one thing
56
What is sustained attention?
Ability to remain attentive and alert for long periods of time
57
What is perception?
Seeing the world and being able to create an understanding of the surroundings adapting to any changes
58
What are the three processes of memory?
Registration - the input Storage - the retention Retrieval - the recovery
59
What are the three forms of memory?
Ultra short term/sensory Short term/working memory Long term
60
What are the two types of short term memory?
Iconic memory | Echoic memory
61
How long does short term memory last?
10 TO 20 seconds
62
What is semantic Memory?
Facts, general info, rules
63
What episodic memory?
Events, experiences
64
What is Motor program?
Muscle memory, complex skills,
65
What is Neuro plasticity?
Refers to the continual changes to the brains neural networks through growth and reorganisation
66
What is Social loafing?
Social loafing is when some people work less hard as they believe others will work harder to make up the difference
67
What is Group polarization?
When groups make more risky decisions
68
Types of fatigue?
Physiological and subjective
69
What is Physiological fatigue?
Reflects the bodies need for rest,
70
What is Subjective fatigue?
How sleepy they feel
71
Five elements of communication are?
``` Transmit Encode Decode Receive Feedback ```
72
What are the modes of communication?
``` Verbal/spoken Written/textual Graphic Symbolic Body language ```
73
Types of errors
``` Design vs operator induced Variable vs constant error's Reversible versus irreversible errors Slips, lapses, mistakes Skill, rule and knowledge based behaviors and associated errors ```
74
The shell model is made up of?
S-software H-hardware E-environment L-live-ware
75
Which human factors discipline is this? Aims to promote well being, to provide coping mechanisms for stress and other adverse situations
Clinical psychology
76
Which human factors discipline is this? The study of basic behavioural processes, such as learning, sensation and communication
Experimental psychology
77
Which human factors discipline is this? The study of dimensions and the ability of the human body
Anthropometrics
78
Which human factors discipline is this? The study of theoretical ideas, AMTs need reliable and easy to use computers with easy to use software
Computer science
79
Which human factors discipline is this? The study of minds, including information processing, perception and language
Cognitive science
80
Which human factors discipline is this? The safety system assures a life critical system behaves as required if it is needed, as well as being designed to a robust and reliable level
Safety engineering
81
Which human factors discipline is this? The art of healing
Medical science
82
Which human factors discipline is this? Concerned with relations between people and work. Includes training, productivity satisfaction
Organizational psychology
83
Which human factors discipline is this? The study of how people learn and aims to design methods and materials to educate all
Educational psychology
84
Which human factors discipline is this? Is the organized approach to work with regards to facility layout, working environment, statistical analysis of work performance
Industrial engineering
85
What is the audio exposure limit?
87 decibels
86
What is the range of frequencies a young person can hear?
20 to 20 thousand hertz
87
What is presbycusis?
Naturally occurring hearing loss caused by age
88
What is the most common type of colour deficiency ?
Red and green
89
What is the rarer type of colour deficiency?
Blue and yellow, more common with age
90
Which frequency do humans have the greatest sensitivity?
3000 Hertz
91
Noise can have the following effects ...
Be annoying (e.g. sudden sounds, constant loud sound) Interfere with verbal communication between individuals in the workplace Cause accidents by masking warning signals or messages Be fatiguing and affect concentration, decision making Damage workers’ hearing (either temporarily or permanently)
92
At what noise level do employers provide hearing protection?
85 decibels
93
At what noise level do employers provide hearing training?
80 decibels
94
What are the four types of violation?
Routine Optimising Situational Exceptional
95
What is a routine violation?
A violation caused by a method or practice becoming the normal way, this can include cutting corners or not carrying an element of a task out because it is deemed not required
96
What is a optimising violation?
A violation caused by doing something for fun, when it is not required by the task at hand
97
What is a situational violation?
One which is caused by workload, pressure, lack of tooling and poor working conditions
98
What is an exceptional violation?
The violation is caused by tasks or operating systems that make violations inevitable, no matter how well intention the engineer is
99
What is a motor programme?
A series of sub routines then when used in order create a routine
100
What gets stored in long term memory?
knowledge Personal experiences belief's, social norms, values etc
101
What is diffusion of responsibility?
When an individual in a team believes he is no longer responsible for safety and does nothing
102
As theorised by Maslow what are the the major motivational forces?
Basic needs-physiological and safety factors Self actualisation - includes love, esteem, and self actualisation factors
103
what are the elements of team working?
Communication cooperation coordination Mutual support
104
What is reactive stress?
Stress occurring from everyday life
105
What are defence stratagies?
Defence strategies alleviate the stress my using medication or alcohol, etc. denying there is an issue
106
What are coping strategies?
Actually solving the root causes
107
What frequency is most troublesome for the human body?
0.5 Hz to 150Hz
108
What frequency is most troublesome for the Human hand?
50Hz to 150Hz

Module 9 Human Factors (1 decks)

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