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Module 9 Human Factors > HUMAN FACTORS > Flashcards

HUMAN FACTORS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 10 Human factors disciplines

A 
clinical psychology 
experimental psychology 
anthropometrics
computer science
cognitive science
safety engineering
medical science
organisational psychology 
educational psychology
industrial engineering
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2
Q

Purpose of clinical psychology

A

Aims to promote well being, to provide coping mechanisms for stress and other adverse situations

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3
Q

Purpose of experimental psychology

A

The study of basic behavioural processes, such as learning, sensation and communication

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4
Q

Purpose of anthropometrics

A

Study of dimensions and the ability of the human body

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5
Q

Purpose of computer science

A

study of theoretical ideas, AMTs need reliable and easy to use computers with easy to use software

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6
Q

Purpose of cognitive science

A

The study of minds, including information processing, perception and language

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7
Q

Purpose of safety engineering

A

The safety system assures a life critical system behaves as required if it is needed, as well as being designed to a robust and reliable level

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8
Q

Purpose of medical science

A

The art of healing

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9
Q

Purpose of organizational psychology

A

Concerned with relations between people and work. Includes training, productivity satisfaction

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10
Q

Purpose of educational psychology

A

The study of how people learn and aims to design methods and materials to educate all

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11
Q

Purpose of industrial engineering

A

Is the organized approach to work with regards to facility layout, working environment, statistical analysis of work performance

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12
Q

What is the cornea

A

The clear window at the font of the eye, allows light to enter, the shape allows bending of incoming and is a fixed focusing device, providing between 70 and 80% of focusing ability

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13
Q

What is the iris and pupil

A

Iris is the coloured part, controls the amount of light that enters the eye, it does this with the pupil, the light levels can be adjusted by a factor of 5:1

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14
Q

What is the lens

A

The lens adjusts its shape with the ciliary muscles and achieves final focusing and provides sharp images.

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15
Q

What is accommodation

A

The changing shape of the lens

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16
Q

Factors that affect acommodation

A

Fatigue, age, results in less sharp viewing

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17
Q

The lens at short and long distances in order to focus does what?

A

Short distance thickens and long distance flattens

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18
Q

What is visual acuity

A

Sharpness of vision

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19
Q

With fatigue what happens to visual acuity?

A

With fatigue, accommodation reduces reducing acuity

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20
Q

Where is the retina?

A

The rear wall of the eyeball, connected to the optic nerve

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21
Q

What is the retina made up of?

A

Light sensitive cells, rods and cones

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22
Q

Cones function in?

A

Light conditions, detect fine detail and 1000 shades of colour

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23
Q

Rods function in?

A

The dark, poor at detail but good at peripheral vision

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24
Q

When are rods most sensitive?

A

Dark conditions

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25
Q

What is in the centre of the retina

A

The fovea

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26
Q

What is the fovea made up of?

A

Entirely of cones

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27
Q

What does the fovea do?

A

Typically focuses the visual image,

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28
Q

What is the spread of rods and cones?

A

Dense cones in the fovea, moving outwards density of cones drop and rod density increases until the periphery of the retina where only rods reside

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29
Q

How does the image get to the optical nerve?

A

The light stimulates the rods and cones and pass small electrical impulses to the optic nerve to the visual cortex

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30
Q

What does the visual cortex do?

A

Interprets the image

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31
Q

factors affecting clarity of sight?

A

light levels, air quality, drugs, medication, alcohol

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32
Q

How many cells in the eye?

A

1.2 million

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33
Q

How many cells in the ear?

A

50000

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34
Q

By how much resolving power is lost in the fovea with 5 degree angular drop?

A

50%

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35
Q

what is hypermetropia?

A

long sightedness, caused by a shorter than normal eyeball, image forms behind the retina

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36
Q

What is myopia?

A

Short sightedness, longer than normal eye ball, image formed in front of retina

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37
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Misshapen cornea, causing irregular shaped images

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38
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Pressure build up in the eye ball

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39
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Age causing the lens to become less flexible, reducing accommodation, causes long sightedness

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40
Q

Effect of smoking

A

Carbon monoxide build up reduce oxygen to the blood in the eyes, this is called hypoxia reducing sensitivity, same effect with alcohol

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41
Q

colour blindness in men %

A

8%

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42
Q

Colour blindness in women%

A

0.5%

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43
Q

Parts of the ear

A

Outer, middle, inner

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44
Q

Purpose of the outer ear?

A

Directs sounds down the auditory canal onto the ear drum causing it to vibrate

45
Q

Purpose of the middle ear?

A

Contains the ossicles, (hammer anvil and stirrup) transmits vibrations to the fluid of the inner ear

46
Q

What else is in the middle ear?

A

Two muscles to protect the ear when sound is above 80dB by up to 20 dB for 15 mins

47
Q

Purpose of the cochlea?

A

Connected to the ossicles and uses the fluids movement against its hairs to transmit neural impulses to the brain via the auditory nerve

48
Q

What replaced the 1989 noise at work regulation?

A

The control of noise at work regulations 2005

49
Q

By how much do ear plugs reduce sound?

A

20 dB

50
Q

By how much do ear defenders reduce sound?

A

40dB

51
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

The storage of physical stimuli via sensory receptors (eyes or ears) for a short time

52
Q

Types of attention

A

Divided
Selective
Focused
Sustained

53
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Occurs when a person monitors several sources of input

54
Q

What is divided attention?

A

Multi tasking

55
Q

What is focused attention?

A

Purely focusing on one thing

56
Q

What is sustained attention?

A

Ability to remain attentive and alert for long periods of time

57
Q

What is perception?

A

Seeing the world and being able to create an understanding of the surroundings adapting to any changes

58
Q

What are the three processes of memory?

A

Registration - the input
Storage - the retention
Retrieval - the recovery

59
Q

What are the three forms of memory?

A

Ultra short term/sensory
Short term/working memory
Long term

60
Q

What are the two types of short term memory?

A

Iconic memory

Echoic memory

61
Q

How long does short term memory last?

A

10 TO 20 seconds

62
Q

What is semantic Memory?

A

Facts, general info, rules

63
Q

What episodic memory?

A

Events, experiences

64
Q

What is Motor program?

A

Muscle memory, complex skills,

65
Q

What is Neuro plasticity?

A

Refers to the continual changes to the brains neural networks through growth and reorganisation

66
Q

What is Social loafing?

A

Social loafing is when some people work less hard as they believe others will work harder to make up the difference

67
Q

What is Group polarization?

A

When groups make more risky decisions

68
Q

Types of fatigue?

A

Physiological and subjective

69
Q

What is Physiological fatigue?

A

Reflects the bodies need for rest,

70
Q

What is Subjective fatigue?

A

How sleepy they feel

71
Q

Five elements of communication are?

A 
Transmit
Encode
Decode
Receive
Feedback
72
Q

What are the modes of communication?

A 
Verbal/spoken
Written/textual
Graphic
Symbolic
Body language
73
Q

Types of errors

A 
Design vs operator induced
Variable vs constant error's
Reversible versus irreversible errors
Slips, lapses, mistakes
Skill, rule and knowledge based behaviors and associated errors
74
Q

The shell model is made up of?

A

S-software
H-hardware
E-environment
L-live-ware

75
Q

Which human factors discipline is this?

Aims to promote well being, to provide coping mechanisms for stress and other adverse situations

A

Clinical psychology

76
Q

Which human factors discipline is this?

The study of basic behavioural processes, such as learning, sensation and communication

A

Experimental psychology

77
Q

Which human factors discipline is this?

The study of dimensions and the ability of the human body

A

Anthropometrics

78
Q

Which human factors discipline is this?

The study of theoretical ideas, AMTs need reliable and easy to use computers with easy to use software

A

Computer science

79
Q

Which human factors discipline is this?

The study of minds, including information processing, perception and language

A

Cognitive science

80
Q

Which human factors discipline is this?

The safety system assures a life critical system behaves as required if it is needed, as well as being designed to a robust and reliable level

A

Safety engineering

81
Q

Which human factors discipline is this?

The art of healing

A

Medical science

82
Q

Which human factors discipline is this?

Concerned with relations between people and work. Includes training, productivity satisfaction

A

Organizational psychology

83
Q

Which human factors discipline is this?

The study of how people learn and aims to design methods and materials to educate all

A

Educational psychology

84
Q

Which human factors discipline is this?

Is the organized approach to work with regards to facility layout, working environment, statistical analysis of work performance

A

Industrial engineering

85
Q

What is the audio exposure limit?

A

87 decibels

86
Q

What is the range of frequencies a young person can hear?

A

20 to 20 thousand hertz

87
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

Naturally occurring hearing loss caused by age

88
Q

What is the most common type of colour deficiency ?

A

Red and green

89
Q

What is the rarer type of colour deficiency?

A

Blue and yellow, more common with age

90
Q

Which frequency do humans have the greatest sensitivity?

A

3000 Hertz

91
Q

Noise can have the following effects …

A

Be annoying (e.g. sudden sounds, constant loud sound)

Interfere with verbal communication between individuals in the workplace

Cause accidents by masking warning signals or messages

Be fatiguing and affect concentration, decision making

Damage workers’ hearing (either temporarily or permanently)

92
Q

At what noise level do employers provide hearing protection?

A

85 decibels

93
Q

At what noise level do employers provide hearing training?

A

80 decibels

94
Q

What are the four types of violation?

A

Routine
Optimising
Situational
Exceptional

95
Q

What is a routine violation?

A

A violation caused by a method or practice becoming the normal way, this can include cutting corners or not carrying an element of a task out because it is deemed not required

96
Q

What is a optimising violation?

A

A violation caused by doing something for fun, when it is not required by the task at hand

97
Q

What is a situational violation?

A

One which is caused by workload, pressure, lack of tooling and poor working conditions

98
Q

What is an exceptional violation?

A

The violation is caused by tasks or operating systems that make violations inevitable, no matter how well intention the engineer is

99
Q

What is a motor programme?

A

A series of sub routines then when used in order create a routine

100
Q

What gets stored in long term memory?

A

knowledge
Personal experiences
belief’s, social norms, values etc

101
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

When an individual in a team believes he is no longer responsible for safety and does nothing

102
Q

As theorised by Maslow what are the the major motivational forces?

A

Basic needs-physiological and safety factors

Self actualisation - includes love, esteem, and self actualisation factors

103
Q

what are the elements of team working?

A

Communication
cooperation
coordination
Mutual support

104
Q

What is reactive stress?

A

Stress occurring from everyday life

105
Q

What are defence stratagies?

A

Defence strategies alleviate the stress my using medication or alcohol, etc. denying there is an issue

106
Q

What are coping strategies?

A

Actually solving the root causes

107
Q

What frequency is most troublesome for the human body?

A

0.5 Hz to 150Hz

108
Q

What frequency is most troublesome for the Human hand?

A

50Hz to 150Hz

Module 9 Human Factors (1 decks)

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