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PSYC2071 > Human Eye Anatomy > Flashcards

Human Eye Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the human eye?

A

Pivoting light reflected from surfaces in the environment, towards the most sensitive part of the retina.

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2
Q

What is the retinal fovea?

A

An area densely packed with photoreceptors which ensures that least amount of light is lost or scattered before it reaches the retina.
Associated with the highest level of visual acuity, also known as ability to visually discern shapes and details.

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3
Q

What is the optic disk?

A

A blind spot on the retina wherein images protected on this site cannot be seen due to lack of photoreceptors. Also the site where axons of ganglion cells exit the eye projecting to the brain.

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4
Q

What is the anatomy of the retina?

A

It is a layered structure 0.4mm thick with 6 layers consisting of:

1) Three ‘dark’ layers of cell bodies and photoreceptors; most projective part of retina close to choroid layer
2) Three ‘light’ layers of axons and synapses

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5
Q

What does the Input Processing Layer consist of?

A

110 million retinal photoreceptors

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6
Q

What is the main function of the Input Processing Layer?

A

In this layer, light is transduced and absorbed into a nerve energy.

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7
Q

What does the Middle Processing Layer consist of?

A

10 million retinal interneurons of bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells.

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8
Q

What does the Output Processing Layer consist of?

A

1.2 million ganglion cells at the front of the eye.

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9
Q

What is the function of Bipolar cells?

A

They transfer information from photoreceptors to amacrine cells, as the only output from the eye to the brain.

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10
Q

What is the function of Horizontal cells?

A

They are neurons with cell bodies that help integrate and regulate input from photoreceptor cells.

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11
Q

What is the function of Amacrine cells?

A

They are inhibitory neurons that interact with ganglion and bipolar cells, connecting bipolar cells together, and project dendrites onto the Input Processing Layer.

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12
Q

What is the function of Ganglion cells?

A

They collect visual information from bipolar and amacrine cells as the final output neurons of the retina.

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13
Q

What is the function of the Vertical Processing Pathway?

A

Transmits information from photoreceptors in the Input Processing Layer to bipolar cells in the Middle Processing Layer.
The bipolar cells lastly transmit to ganglion cells in the Output Processing Layer.

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14
Q

What is the function of the Lateral Processing Pathway?

A

Transmission of information with horizontal cells in the Middle Processing Layer which are important for the formation of retinal circuitry in receptive fields.

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15
Q

Name the retinal photoreceptors in the eye.

A

Rods

Cones

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16
Q

What is the function of rods?

A

Activate during the night for grey and black hues; they are bleached and inoperable during the day.
No rods are found in the retina.

17
Q

What is the function of cones?

A

Detect colour during the day and cannot operate during the night. Majority of cones are found in the fovea.

18
Q

How many cones are found in the retina?

A

5 million cones are found in each eye.

19
Q

How many rods are found in the retina?

A

100 million are found in each eye.

20
Q

What is the volume of cones in the fovea?

A

180,000 cones/mm squared.

21
Q

How far away are rods found from the fovea?

A

3-5mm away

22
Q

What is the highest density of rods away from the fovea?

A

150,000 rods/mm squared.

23
Q

What is the lowest density of rods away from the fovea?

A

40,000 rods/mm squared.

24
Q

Define visual pigment molecules.

A

The site of neural transduction which contains pigment molecules Chromophore and Opsin.

25
Q

What is Chromophore?

A

A visual pigment which catches light that is later absorbed by the other visual pigment Opsin.
The most common chromophore pigment in vertebrates is called 11-cis-Retinal.

26
Q

What is Opsin?

A

A large protein contained in a visual pigment molecule which determines the wavelength of light that the pigment will absorb the best.

27
Q

Define the molecule 11-cis-Retinal.

A

Type of Vitamin A molecule within visual pigment molecule Chromophore, which provides an explanation for why Vitamin A deficiency causes visual deficits.

28
Q

What are the Photopsin and Scotopsin molecules contained in?

A

Opsin visual pigment.

29
Q

Which is the Photopsin molecule?

A

An Opsin-photopigment molecule which is contained in rods.

30
Q

What is the Scotopsin molecule?

A

An Opsin-photopigment molecule which is contained inq rods.

31
Q

What are the wavelengths of Red-Green-sensitive cones found in the retina?

A

Long and Medium-wavelengths

32
Q

What is the wavelength of Blue-sensitive cones found near the fovea?

A

Short wavelength

PSYC2071 (4 decks)

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