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Biology 101 > Human evolution > Flashcards

Human evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What are primates?

A

Primates are an order of placental mammals that evolved from a tree-dwelling ancestor between 55 and 85 million years ago

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2
Q

What are the features of a primate ancestor?

A
  • arboreal habit
  • grasping hands and feet
  • long hands
  • quadrupedal locomotion
  • binocular vision : seeing where everything is
  • upright sitting position: can make tools and use tools
  • nails instead of claws
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3
Q

What type of lifestyle are primates most adapted to?

A

arboreal (tree-dwelling ) lifestyle

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4
Q

What kinds of characteristics do primates possess?

A
  • super IQ
  • complex social behavior
  • highly developed problem solving ability
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5
Q

How can primates hands and feet be distinguished?

A
  • limb length (the ratio of the length of arms to legs)
  • presence of claws or nails
  • thumbs or big toes
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6
Q

What are homonids?

A

the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great apes

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7
Q

List the common features of homonids

A
  • no tail
  • semi-erect and fully erect posture
  • broad chest, pelvis and shoulders
  • relatively long arms and mobile shoulder joints
  • large brain
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8
Q

What are hominins?

A

The group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors

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9
Q

Features of hominins:

A
  • highly sensitive skin
  • complex social behavior
  • body hair short and reduced
  • reduced canines
  • large cerebral cortex
  • bipedal with modified feet, thigh bone, pelvis and spine
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10
Q

What are human characteristics?

A
  • bipedalism
  • large brains
  • increased intelligence
  • teeth changes
  • loss of body hair
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11
Q

What needs to happen for bipedalism to occur?

A

significant adaptations

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12
Q

What are some adaptations needed for bipedalism?

study more on diagram

A
  • strong knee joint
  • big toe point forward
  • transverse arch in feet to absorb impact
  • carrying angle of femur
  • strong gluteal muscles
  • lower and broader pelvis
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13
Q

Selection for bipedalism

A
  • carrying food
  • carrying offspring
  • higher vision
  • holding tools and weapons
  • longer legs and locomotion
  • thermoregulation : less sun, more cooling via evaporation
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14
Q

How does the spine changes overtime?

A

It becomes a S-shape to accommodate with walking upright

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15
Q

How have human lower limbs been modified for bipedal locomotion?

A
  • legs longer than arms
  • platform foot
  • strong knee joint
  • lower and broader pelvis
  • inwardly angled femur
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16
Q

What are the changes in foot anatomy?

A
  • less toes
  • no curved toes
  • transverse arch that helps with transmitting the stresses of walking and improve walking efficiency
17
Q

Changes in dentition?

A

U to a V to a C
smaller teeth
less teeth
no diastema (gap between teeth)

18
Q

What are the 8 adaptations of running?

A
  • loss of hair so it helps with cooling
  • elongated leg
  • nuchal ligament at the back of neck stabilises head
  • thickened joint surface on knees making it stronger
  • arch in foot = spring and stress release
  • well developed gluteus maximus
  • more muscles attached to lower spine for support
19
Q

Why does the human have less hair?

A
  • a controlled parasite base
  • hair on head reflects fun and radiates solar radiation
  • sweat glands developed
20
Q

How did the human brain evolve?

A
  • larger by 3x
  • organisation of the brain
  • developed broca’s area concerned with speech, movement of muscles of lips, jaw, soft palate and vocal cords
  • developed wernicke’s area for comprehension of language
21
Q

What are two theories for the origin of homo sapiens?

A
  • replacement hypothesis

- multi-regional hypothesis

22
Q

What is the replacement hypothesis?

A
  • eve hypothesis
  • same DNA as eve
  • eve: lived 200000 years ago in africa
  • the descendants of the population dispersed throughout the rest of the world and displace all other human population
23
Q

What is the multi-regional hypothesis?

A

based on the fossil evidence found over time

  • modern human populations can be traced back to the fossil homo erectus left in africa 1 million years ago
  • gene flow occurred between regions and populations
24
Q

What does a modern view of human evolution shows?

A

It shows that the evolution has occurred as a series of adaptive radiations.

25
Q

What is the first radiation of human evolution?

A

Early bipedal apes

26
Q

Second radiation of human evolution?

A

genus paranthropus: ate low grade veggies which led to very large teeth

27
Q

Third radiation of human evolution?

A

genus homo : larger brain, diverse

28
Q

Last radiation

A

modern humans

29
Q

List the features of LUCY

A
  • bipedal
  • human like hands and teeth
  • brain capacity of 375 - 550 cc.
  • apelike face with sloping forehear
    flat nose and
    chinless lower jaw
    1.0 -1.5 m tall
30
Q

Homo erectus:

A
  • 850 cc brain size to 1100 cc
  • enlarged broca’s area: speech
  • developed tools and learned to cook
  • face had massive jaws with big teeth
  • no chin, thick brow ridges
  • stronger than us
31
Q

Homo neanderthalensis:

A
  • shorter
  • low forehead
  • broad nasal cavity
  • barrel shaped chest and compact body conserve heat
  • evidence of tools, fires and music
32
Q

Homo sapiens:

A
  • 1400 cc brain
  • complex tools, art, us
  • high forehead lobe

Biology 101 (7 decks)

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