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Level 3 Biology > Human Evoloution > Flashcards

Human Evoloution Flashcards

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1
Q

The name for the hole in the base of the Skull through which the Spinal Cord passes through

A

Foramen Magnum

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2
Q

The gap in the Dental arcade between the Upper Canine and Premolar found in Great Apes

A

Diastema

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3
Q

The first Hominin to use fire and spread out of Africa

A

Homo Erectus

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4
Q

The earliest stone tool culture

A

Oldowan

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5
Q

The angle between the Femur and the vertical when Femur is in normal position

A

Valgus Angle

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6
Q

The bipedal Apes and their ancestors

A

Hominin

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7
Q

The tool consisting of a core with a flattened stone with two faces made by Homo erectus

A

Acheulian

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8
Q

The first Hominin to use tools, also known as Handyman

A

Homo habilis

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9
Q

The word to describe the great apes, humans and their ancestors

A

Hominoids

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10
Q

The type of evolution were things are taught/ learned and not passed on in the DNA

A

Cultural

evolution

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11
Q

The brain centre responsible for interpreting speech

A

Wernicke’s area

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12
Q

The Group of Hominin that were initially called archaic Homo sapiens and was the first with firm evidence for systematic hunting

A

Homo heidelbergensis

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13
Q

The part of the brain that articulates with the first vertebra

A

Occipital condyle

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14
Q

The name for the fine stone tools which include flakes, scrapers and spears with attached handles

A

Mousterian

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15
Q

The group of Hominin that first buried the dead and cared for the old

A

Homo neanderthalensis

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16
Q

the type of evolution that is passed on through our DNA

A

Biological Evolution

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17
Q

The area of the brain that is most enlarged in apes, most of all in humans

A

Cerebrum

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18
Q

The shape of the pelvis in bipedal organisms

A

Bowl shaped

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19
Q

The crest along the top of the skull

A

Sagittal

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20
Q

The first animal to be domesticated

A

Dog

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21
Q

The scientific name for “Lucy” the first to probable walk upright

A

Australopithecus afarensis

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22
Q

The name for the culture that included the Oldowan and Acheulian together. Also called ‘Old Stone Age’

A

Lower Palaeolithic

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23
Q

The name for the Neanderthal tool culture

A

Mousterian

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24
Q

The later phase of the Old Stone Age

A

Upper Palaeolithic

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25
Q

A tool made of more than one kind of material

A

Composite

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26
Q

The theory that modern humans evolved in Africa and then migrated to Europe and Asia, displacing other earlier species

A

‘Out of Africa’

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27
Q

The first species to make and use needles

A

Homo sapiens

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28
Q

The view that modern humans evolved independently in Africa, Europe and Asia

A

Multiregional

29
Q

Heavy bone over the eye which reduces the stresses in the skull and lower jaw involved with chewing

A

Brow Ridge

30
Q

This means ‘having a

snout/muzzle’

A

Prognathism

31
Q

Another name for the Out of Africa hypothesis

A

Replacement hypothesis or Eve hypothesis

32
Q

Gap through which large jaw muscles pass

A

Zygomatic arch

33
Q

What do ice ages do to the seas water levels?

A

Lowers water level creating land bridges between islands

34
Q

Why can Y chromosomes be used to show patterns of evolution?

A

Because it is passed on only to sons and isn’t affected by recombination

35
Q

How can mtDNA and Y chromosome DNA be altered?

A

Through mutations

36
Q

What is mtDN?

A

Mitochondrial DNA which is only passed

on to daughters

37
Q

recombination

A

the exchange of genetic material between different organisms

38
Q

How did Australopithecus obtain food?

A

Scavenging what they found

39
Q

How did tools help Hominin survive?

A

Allowed more diverse animals to be killed and processed

40
Q

What does cooking he food do to it?

A

Softens it, kill microbes

41
Q

What where the Advantages of Fire

A

Cooks food, hardens tools, lengthens day,kept warm, keeps predators away

42
Q

How did the position of the foramen magnum change when Hominin became bipedal?

A

Moved from the lower back of skull towards the centre

43
Q

What is the name for the differences observed between male and female skeletons?

A

Sexual Dimorphism

44
Q

Over time how did the prognathic muzzle change?

A

It reduced

45
Q

Over time how did the brain size of the Hominin change?

A

Brain size increased

46
Q

What is the difference in the shape of the spine in modern apes and human?

A

c-shaped apes s-shaped humans

47
Q

Why is the Out of Africa hypothesis also called replacement hypothesis?

A

When they moved out of Africa, they out competed any Hominin they came into contact with, making them extinct

48
Q

How did the feet change when we became bipedal?

A

Forward facing big toe, arched, big toe attached

49
Q

What are the advantages of being bipedal?

A

Taller so can see predators / food, hands free to carry food/ young / tools, more efficient cooling

50
Q

What do Lower Palaeolithic – Oldowan tools look like?

A

Pebbles with flakes knocked off one edge

51
Q

What do Lower Palaeolithic – Acheulian tools look like?

A

Tear drop shaped pebbles

52
Q

How has cultural evolution changed over time?

A

Tools better, use of shelter, abstract thought, imagination, domestication of animals / plants

53
Q

What are the Middle Palaeolithic tools?

A

Mousterian and scrapers axe heads

54
Q

What does the evidence of Cave drawings, burial of dead, planned hunting groups indicate?

A

The ability for abstract thought

55
Q

How did the tools change over time?

A

They became more refined and more worked

56
Q

What are the Upper Palaeolithic tools?

A

Needles, fish hocks made from bone and wood

57
Q

Living in trees is called….

A

Arboreal

58
Q

All primates can grip objects with a ______ grip

A

Power grip

59
Q

only humans have a ______ grip.

A

Precision grip

60
Q

What are the advantages of a shorter pelvis?

A

It is stronger & able to tilt and rotate during walking

61
Q

What shape/ dental arcade is the jaw in apes?

A

rectangular or U-shape.

62
Q

What shape/ dental arcade is the jaw in humans?

A

Parabola

63
Q

Using the Multiregional Hypothesis when did our ancestors leave Africa?

A

About 1 million years ago

64
Q

What is the name of the process where one change reinforces another?

A

Positive Feedback

65
Q

Using the Replacement Hypothesis when do they think our ancestors left Africa?

A

About 200,000 years ago

66
Q

Advantages of Bipedilism

A

Free hands,for carring things,Thermoregulation,Energy efficiency,See further.

67
Q

Disadvantages of Bipedilism

A

Smaller pelvis made giving birth difficult,Back ache.

68
Q

Assimilation theory

A

Modern humans evolved in Africa and interbred with other hominins who left Africa earlier as they migrated

Level 3 Biology (1 decks)

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