Human Diseases

Question 1

typhoid

Answer 1

Salmonella typhi
Bacteria
contaminated food
intestinal perforation and death

Question 2

test for typhoid

Answer 2

Widal test

Question 3

Pneumonia

Answer 3

streptococcus pneumonia and haemophilus influenzae
bacteria
affects alveoli , filled with fluid
nail and lips turn bluish black

Question 4

common cold

Answer 4

Rhino virus

virus

Question 5

Malaria

Answer 5

Plasmodium Vivax, Plasmodium Falciparum, Plasmodium malaria
RBC CELLS
SPOROZOITES IN MAN
Asexual reproduction in liver cells
RBC burst open to release HAEMOZOIN and gametocytes
Gametocytes enter mosquito
Sporozoites reach salivary gland from intestine of mosquito

Question 6

AMOEBIASIS / AMOEBIC DYSENTERY

Answer 6

Entamoeba histolytica (protozoa)
 large intestine
cramps, stools with mucus,
 Stool with blood clots
housefly

Question 7

ASCARIASIS

Answer 7

Ascaris (worm)
intestine
➢ Symptoms : internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anemia, blockage of
Intestinal passage
Eggs of parasite reach soil due to open defecation

Question 8

ELEPHANTIASIS / FILARIASIS

Answer 8

Wuchereia bancrofti, Wuchereia malayi (worm)
lymph vessels of lower limbs
➢ Symptoms : chronic inflammation of organs, deformities of genital organs
Swelling of lower limbs
➢ Vector : female mosquito

Question 9

RINGWORM

Answer 9

Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton (fungi)
Target organ : skin, nails, scalp
➢ Symptoms : dry scaly lesions, intense itching in skin, scalp

Question 10

fish in ponds which feeds on mosquito larvae

Answer 10

Gambusia fish

Question 11

IMMUNITY

Answer 11

Two types:
• Innate immunity
• Acquired immunity

Question 12

Innate immunity

Answer 12

Non-specific

• Present at the time of birth
• Consists of four barriers:

Question 13

Innate immunity

4 barriers

Answer 13

❖ Physical barriers:
-skin
- Mucus coating in epithelial lining of respiratory , gastrointestinal, 
urogenital tract trap pathogens
 Physiological barrier:
- acid in stomach
- saliva in mouth
- tears from eyes
cellular barrier:
- leukocytes WBC like PMNL (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
- monocytes
- killer lymphocytes
- macrophages
- cytokine barrier:
- interferons produced by viral infected cells protect non-infected cells these type of cells phagocytose pathogens

Question 14

Acquired immunity:

Lymphocytes

Answer 14

➢ B-lymphocytes bring about humoral immune response by producing
antibodies (immunoglobulins) into blood
➢ T-lymphocytes bring about cell-mediated immune response or cellmediated immunity (CMI) by producing different types of
lymphocytes to destroy the pathogen
➢ T-lymphocytes help in immune response responsible for graft
rejection.
➢ T-lymphocytes help B-lymphocytes in producing antibodies
➢ Types ofantibodies: Ig A, Ig M, Ig G, IgE

Question 15

STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY:

Answer 15

Represented by H2 L2
➢ Two heavy peptide chains
➢ Two light peptide chains

Question 16

colostrum

Answer 16

colostrum (yellow milk) by mother contains Ig A

➢ Colostrum secreted during initial days of lactation

Question 17

Hepatitis B vaccine

Answer 17

Hepatitis B vaccine produced from yeast using Recombinant DNA Technology

Question 18

ALLERGIES

Answer 18

Causes of symptoms: release of histamine, serotonin from mast cells
❖ Treatment: injection containing antihistamine / adrenaline/ steroid