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Unit 2.4 Biology AS Level 🌺 > human digestive system > Flashcards

human digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

2 reasons why food needs to be digested

A
  • insoluble too big to cross membranes and be absorbed into the blood
  • polymer need to be converted into monomer
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2
Q

where does digestion and absorption occur

A

gut

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3
Q

food is propolled along the gut by ???

A

peristalsis

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4
Q

4 main functions of the gut

A

1 - ingestion
2 - digestion
3 - absorption
4 - egestion

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5
Q

what is ingestion

A

taking food in the body through the mouth

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6
Q

2 types of digestion

A

mechanical
chemical

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7
Q

what is absorption

A

passage of molecules and ions through the gut wall into the blood

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8
Q

what is egestion

A

elimination of waste not needed by the body eg food that can’t be digested

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9
Q

peristalsis defenition

A

wave coordinated contraction and relaxation of gut muscles

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10
Q

digestion defenition

A

breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules

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11
Q

egestion defenition

A

elimination of ingestible waste

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12
Q

general function of mouth

A

ingestion - digestion of startch by amylase

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13
Q

general function of oesophagus

A

carries food from the mouth to the stomach

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14
Q

general function of stomach

A

digestion of protein

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15
Q

general function of duodenum

A

digestion of carbohydrates, fats + proteins

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16
Q

general function of ileum

A

finish digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins

absorption of digested food

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17
Q

general function of colon

A

absorption of water

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18
Q

general function of rectum

A

storage of faeces

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19
Q

general function of anus

A

egestion

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20
Q

where does endopeptidases hydrolyse

A

peptide bonds within the protein mol

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21
Q

where does exopeptidases hydrolyse

A

peptide bonds at the ends of theese shorter polypeptides

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22
Q

what happens in the buccal cavity

A

mechanical digestion begins - food mixed with saliva and chewed with teeth

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23
Q

what enzyme is in the buccal cavity

A

amylase

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24
Q

function of mucus

A

lubricates food passage down the oesophagus

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25
whats the 6 layers
mucosa submucosa circular muscle oblique muscle longtiduinal muscle serosa
26
how does food eneter stomach
from between 2 sphincters
27
what is stomach wall mixed with
food with gastric juice secreted by glands in the stomach wall
28
where is gastric juice secreted
by glands in the stomach wall, gastric juice is secreted from gastric pits
29
where is gastric pits
mucosa
30
where is mucus secreted from
goblet cells
31
what does goblet cells do in stomach
forms a lining which protects stomach from enzymes and lubricates food
32
where is hydrochloric acid secreted from
oxyntic cells
33
what does oxyntic cells secrete
hydrochloric acid
34
what does hydrochloric acid do in the stomach
ph 2
35
what does chief cells secret
peptidase
36
where are peptidases secreted from
cjoef cells
37
what is the inactive form o peptidase
pepsinogen
38
what thing is secretd as inactive in stomach
peptidase - pepsinogen
39
what is pepsinogen activated by
H+ ions
40
what is pepsinogen activated to
pepsin
41
what is pepsin
type of endopeptidase
42
what does endopeptidase do
hydrolyses protein to polypeptides
43
what are the 2 regions of the small intestine
duodenum ileum
44
where does duodenum receive secretions from
liver + pancreas
45
where is bile made of
liver
46
where is bile stored
gall bladder
47
where does bile come into the duodenum
bile duct
48
what part of small intestine does bile come into
duodenum
49
what does bile do
emulsify lipids
50
ph of bile
alkaline neutralises acid in food
51
what do islet cells secrete
pancreatic juice
52
what cells do pancreatic juice come from
iselt cells
53
where does pancreatic juice enters the duodenum
pancreatic duct
54
ph in mouth
7
55
function of amylase
hydrolysize startch into maltose
56
function of mucus
lubricates fods passage down the oesophagus
57
what are the layers of oesophagus
epithelium mucosa submucosa circular muscle longitudinal muscle serosa
58
what secrets mucus
goblet cell
59
what do goblet cell secreye
mucus
60
what do oxyntic cells secrete
HCL
61
what cell secereted HCL
oxyntic
62
what cell secretes enzymes
chief cells
63
what do chief cells secrete
enzymes
64
ph of stomach
2
65
ph of duodenum
7
66
trypsin inactive version
trypsinogen
67
trypsinogen converted to what
trypsin
68
trypsinogen converted to trypsin by
enterokinase
69
where can you find sodium hydrogen carbonate
pancreatic juice
70
function of sodium hydrogen carbonate
raises pH to be slightly alkalne - neutralises pH, optimum for enzyme
71
function o brunners glands
secrete alkaline solution to neutralise food coming from the stomach
72
with capillary network whats the extra bit on a ileum
lacteal
73
whhere does venule lead to
hepathic portal vein
74
where does absorbtion mainly occur
small intestiine
75
what do epithelial cells have a lot of
mitochondria for absorption
76
by what are amino acids absorbed into epithelial cells
by active transport
77
how is glucose taken itno epithelial cells
co - transport
78
What’s good about small intestine
Lining is folded
79
What gives large surface area for absorption
Folds, villi and microvilli
80
Where does absorption mainly occur
Small intestine
81
What do epithelial cells have a lot of
Mitochondria for active transport
82
How are amino acids absorbed
Into epithelial cells by active transport
83
What is the solubility of amino acids
Water soluble Dissolve in plasma
84
How is glucose absorbed
Co transport with sodium
85
How do fatty acids and glycerol get absorbed
Lacteal
86
What’s the lacteal
Part of the lymphatic system
87
What does lymphatic system do
Transport fat soluble molecules to the left subclavian vein near the heart
88
89
How are disaccharides absorbed
Active transport
90
What’s digested in the mouth
Startch
91
What’s digested in the stomach
Protein
92
What’s digested in the duodenum
Startch Protein Polypeptide Fats Nucleic acids
93
What’s digested in the ileum
Maltose Sucrose Lactose Polypeptides
94
What happens to nutrients we don’t need
Taken to hepatic portal vein in the liver
95
Why are amino acids take me to body cells
For protein synthesis
96
What passes into the colon
Mucus, bacteria and dead cells pass into colon
97
98
What are secreted by mutualistic microorganisms in the colon
Vitamin K Folic acid
99
Absorption defenition
Passage of small, soluble molecules and ions through gut walk into the blood

Unit 2.4 Biology AS Level 🌺 (3 decks)

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