Human Development, Diversity & behavior In The Environment Flashcards
1
Q
Uniqueness v. Universality
A
Individuals are all unique v. Individuals are basically similar in nature
2
Q
Active v. Reactive
A
Individuals act through their own initiative v individuals react to outside stimuli
3
Q
Optimistic v. Pessimistic
A
Individuals can change their personality v. Individuals are doomed to remain the same
4
Q
Physiological v. Purposive motivation
A
Individuals are pushed by their physiological needs for water, food, and sexual activity v. Individuals are pulled by the purposes, goals, values, beliefs and attitudes
5
Q
Conscious v. Unconscious motivation
A
Individuals are aware of the motivation to act v. Individuals are not aware of their motivation to act
6
Q
Stage v. Non-stage theory
A
Individuals go through pre-determined stages of development v. Individuals do not go through pre-determined stages of development
7
Q
Cultural determinism v. Cultural transcendence
A
Individuals are molded by their culture v. Individuals are not determined by their culture
8
Q
Early or late personality formation
A
Individuals develop their personalities early in life and remain relatively fixed throughput the lifespan v. Individuals continue to develop their personalities later in life or throughout their lifespan
9
Q
Freedom v. Determinism
A
Individuals have control over their behavior v. Behavior is determined by forces outside of an individual’s control
10
Q
Psychodynamic theories emphasize the importance of ______ on psychosocial development
A
Childhood experiences
11
Q
Psychoanalytic theory was founded by
A
Freud
12
Q
Freud identified 3 levels of consciousness
A
1) conscious
2) pre-conscious
3) unconscious
13
Q
Freud - conscious level of consciousness consists of?
A
Thoughts and ideas of which we are aware
14
Q
Freud - preconscious level of consciousness
A
Ideas and thoughts of which we are not aware but are easily accessible
15
Q
Freud - unconscious level of consciousness
A
Thoughts and ideas of which we are unaware and cannot access.
16
Q
What level of consciousness does the psychoanalytic theory focus on?
A
Unconscious
17
Q
According to the psychoanalytic theory, behaviors and thoughts are driven by….
A
Unconscious forces, motives and drives. An individual may act in response to external situations and the environment, but the way in which the individual acts is based upon unconscious wishes, dreams, desires and defenses.
18
Q
According to psychoanalytic theory, all behaviors serve
A
An underlying covert purpose
19
Q
Repression
A
Freud/psychoanalytic- thoughts and ideas that create anxiety or distress are pushed from the conscious to the unconscious.
20
Q
Structural Theory of Personality Development
A
An individual’s personality consists of 3 major systems - Id, Ego & Superego
21
Q
Id
A
(Structural theory of personality development)
Most primitive portion of the personality. Consists of basic instinctual drives, the most basic of which is sexual. Requires immediate gratification. Children only born with id. Follows the pleasure principal - seek pleasure/avoid psi
22
Q
Ego
A
(Structural theory of personality development)
Rational and executive portion of personality. Mediates the demands of the individual and the often conflicting demands of the environment. As the ego develops, the REALITY PRINCIPLE emerges allowing child to recognize desire for immediate gratification must be compromised for the realities of the environment
23
Q
Superego
A
(Structural theory of personality development)
Allows individuals to act not only out of need, but to consider the moral and ethical aspects of their behavior as well.
TWO aspects of superego
1) conscious - the “should nots”
2) ego ideal - the “shoulds”
24
Q
According to Freud, personality development should be completed by age?
A
5
25
Driving forces - Freud
cathexis
Urging force drives an individual's unconscious wishes and desires.
26
Driving forces - Freud
Anti-cathexis
The checking force. Acts as the brake on the imprudent actions of the ID and serves to keep repressed material unconscious
27
According to Freud, personality develops as a result of 2 major events
1) maturation and natural growth
| 2) learning to overcome frustration, avoid pain, resolve conflict and reduce anxiety
28
5 stages of Freud's psychosexual stages of development
1) oral
2) anal
3) phallic
4) latency
5) genital
29
Psychosexual stages of development
Oral (age)
0-1.5 yrs
30
Psychosexual development
Anal (age)
1.5-3
31
Psychosexual development
Phallic (age)
3-6
32
Psychosexual development
Latency
6-12 yrs
Focus on genitals and sexuality develops into more socially acceptable behaviors
33
Psychosexual development
Genital
12-adulthood
Accepts genitalia and begins to experience matural, adult-like sexual feelings
34
Defense mechanisms - Anna Freud
A) when the ego senses that a certain act or thought may cause harm, the ego produces anxiety. Serves as a signal of impending harm and causes deployment of defense mechanisms
B) defense mechanisms are the unconscious, irrational processes used by individuals to protect the ego & minimize pain, anxiety or discomfort by distorting, hiding or denying reality
35
Defense mechanisms -
Denial
Refusing to acknowledge or recognize the reality and implications of painful, anxiety-provoking experiences
36
Defense mechanisms
Displacement
Shifting repressed feelings from where they originate to some other object.
37
Defense mechanisms
Dissociation
Separation or postponement of a feeling that normally would accompany a situation or thought.
38
Defense mechanisms
Idealization
Form of denial in which the object of attention is presented as "all good" masking the true negative feelings towards each other
39
Defense mechanisms
Identification
The unconscious modeling of one's self upon another person's behavior.
40
Defense mechanisms
Introjection
Identifying with some idea or object so deeply that it becomes part of that person
41
Defense mechanisms
Inversion
Refocusing of aggression or emotions evoked from an external force onto one's self
42
Defense mechanisms
Isolation
Inability to simultaneously experience the cognitive and affective components of a situation
43
Defense mechanisms
Intellectualization
Rationalizing and making generalizations about anxiety-provoking issues to minimize pain and anxiety
44
Defense mechanisms
Projection
Attributing a painful thought or idea to another person
45
Defense mechanisms
Rationalization
Attempting to provide a logical and rational explanation to avoid guilt or shame
46
Defense mechanisms
Reaction formation
Replacing of some painful or negative event with the complete opposite
47
Defense mechanisms
Regression
Losing of some aspect of development already achieved due to undue anxiety causing a person to revert to a previously attained stage or lower level of adaptation
48
Defense mechanisms
Repression
Pushing a negative or painful image, thought or idea out of consciousness to avoid the associated pain. This is the PRIMARY DEFENSE MECHANISM.
49
Defense mechanisms
Somatization
Manifestation of emotional anxiety into physical symptoms
50
Defense mechanisms
Splitting
Repressing, dissociating or disconnecting important feelings that are "dangerous" to psychic well-being. Causes a person to get out of touch with feelings and leads to feelings of a "fragmented self"
51
Defense mechanisms
Substitution
Replacing one feeling or emotion with another
52
Ego psychology was developed by
Heinz Hartmand
53
Ego psychology theory is premised on the belief that...
Individuals have the ability to adapt to their social environment.
54
Ego psychology focuses on the process of...
Adaptation
55
Ego Psychology
Alloplastic behavior
Changing the environment in order to adapt
56
Ego Psychology
Autoplastc behavior
Changing one's own behavior or self in order to adapt
57
Ego Psychology
Twelve major ego functions
```
Reality functions
Judgement
Sense of reality
Regulation and control of drives and impulses
Object relations
Thought processes
Adaptive regression
Defensive functioning
Stimulus barrier
Autonomous functions
Mastery-competence
Integrative functioning
```
58
Ego psychology
Reality testing
Ability to differentiate between accurate perceptions of the self and the environment
59
Ego psychology
Judgement
Ability to identify and weigh the consequences of a behavior before acting
60
Ego psychology
Sense of reality
Ability to not only perceive things accurately, but to experience them that way as well
61
Ego psychology
Regulations and control of drives and impulses
Ability to control drives, impulses and affect in accordance with reality
62
Ego psychology
Object relations
Ability to interact with others
63
Ego psychology
Thought processes
Ability to have goal-directed, organized, and realistic thoughts
64
Ego psychology
Adaptive regression
Ability to let go of reality and experience aspects of the self that are ordinarily inaccessible
65
Ego psychology
Defensive functioning
Ability to use unconscious mechanisms to reduce anxiety and painful experiences
66
Ego psychology
Stimulus barrier
Ability to maintain current level of functioning despite increases and / or decreases in stimulation
67
Ego psychology
Autonomous functioning
Presence of certain conflict-free functions that are capable of functioning continuously, e.g., learning, memory, perception, and concentration
68
Ego psychology
Mastery-competence
Ability to successfully interact with the environment
69
Ego psychology
Integrative functioning
Ability to integrate parts of the personality to resolve conflict
70
Psychosocial (Erickson) is based on the notion that...
An individual's social environment shapes his/her personality
71
Psychosocial stems from ____ but draws most of its concepts from _____
Psychoanalytic
Ego psychology
72
What did Erikson believe was the most important part of the personality?
Ego
73
Most basic and enduring value that underlies the psychosocial theory is
That all individuals are innately worthy
74
Psychosocial
Each stage is marked by a crisis which must be resolved by the ____ for development to continue
Ego
75
Psychosocial crisis is marked by conflict between two opposing personality traits -
Syntonic and dystonic
| Healthy development requires a balance with a tendency toward syntonic
76
Psychosocial
Crisis resolution is dependent upon
The individual as well as his/her social environment
77
Psychosocial
Trust v. Mistrust
Birth - 1 yr.
Develops a sense of trust in others through being nurtured and loved. If a child is not nurtured and loved. S/he will experience a high level of mistrust causing the child to be withdrawn later in life
78
Psychosocial
Autonomy v. Shame and doubt
2-3yrs
Child begins to develop skills that allow him to become autonomous, I.e. Motor and verbal skills. The child becomes more confident and in control. If a child is not provided with what he needs socially he will feel ashamed and less confident
79
Psychosocial
Initiative v. Guilt
4-5 yrs
Child begins to become curious and moves around into new spaces to explore. The child learns to play with others. The child who is not allowed to take initiative will feel guilty and fearful
80
Psychosocial
Industry v. Inferiority
6-11yrs
Child develops a need to do things well, to work, and to provide in the future. School and peers are critical to assisting the child in her mastery of the tasks. If a child fails to achieve this he will feel inferior and incompetent.
81
Psychosocial
Identity v. Role-confusion
12-18yrs.
The adolescent begins to create his/her own identity and to integrate the various components of himself into a whole person. An adolescent who is unable to integrate will experience role confusion.
82
Intimacy v. Isolation
20-35yrs.
The individual learns to build reciprocal relationships with others on many levels, including socially, sexually, and occupationally. Individuals who fail to built these relationships will feel isolated.
83
Psychosocial
Generativity v. Stagnation
35-50yrs.
The individual develops the capacity to care and nurture. Individuals who fail at this stage will focus only on caring for himself.
84
Psychosocial
Ego integrity v. Despair
50+ years.
The individual learns to accept his own life achievements and significant others. If an individual fails at this he will only experience despair
85
Biopsychosocial theory considers human behavior to be the result of interactions between
Biological, psychological, and social systems.
86
Bio psychosocial theory
Who we are at any given moment is a result of the intertwining of
Constitution, consciousness and context
87
Object relations theory
Mahler's 3 stages of development
1) autistic stage - infant focused purely on herself and is unresponsive to external stimuli
2) symbiotic stage - infant begins to perceive "need-satisfying object." During this stage, the mother's ego functions for the infant. Infant feels unity with mother but begins to understand mother as a separate being.
3) . Separation-individuation stage
88
Object relations theory
Mahler's stages of development
4 substages
1) differentiation substage - infant's attention shifts from being inwardly focused to outwardly focused. Infant begins to separate from the caretaker, eg crawling.
2) practicing substage - infant continues to separate from caretaker and his autonomous ego functions become more apparent. During this substage, the infant becomes increasingly more mobile and active, eg walking, playing.
3) rapprochement substage - infant begins to want to act independently. Infant moves away from his mother, but regularly comes back to ensure that she is still there.
4) . Object constancy substage - the infant internalizes his mother and begins to understand that his mother still exists for him despite her absence.
89
Object permanence theory.
Mahler's stages of development ages
Autistic - newborn to 1mo.
Symbiotic - 1-5mo
Separation - individuation stage
Differentiation stage. 5-9mo
Practicing substage. 9-14mo.
Rapprochement sub. 14-24mo
Object constancy sub. After 24mo.
90
Analytical psychology (aka jungian psychology) emphasizes ______ and _______ influences on behavior
Conscious and unconscious
91
Analytical psychology - unlike psychoanalytic Jung believed the ego was _____.
Conscious
92
Analytical psychology (aka jungian psychology)
Dreams
The "known but unknown" is contained in the unconscious and dreams are one of the main vehicles for the unconscious to express them. Dreams show ideas, beliefs, and feelings of which individuals are not readily aware, but need to be.
93
Analytical psychology
Jung defined 5 main archetypes
1) self - regulating center of the psyche and facilitator of individuation
2) shadow - an unconscious complies defined as the repressed, suppressed or disowned qualities of the conscious self
3) anima - feminine image in a man's psyche
4) animus - masculine image in woman's psyche
5) persona - how we present to the world.
94
Cognitive theory
An individual's cognition and thoughts are the principal determinants of his behavior.
*alder, Ellis and beck were early cognitive theorists
95
Cognitive theory
3 major differences from freud's theory
1) personality should be viewed as a whole, not as separate components
2) behavior is driven by social motivation, not sexual drive
3) individual's conscious thoughts and beliefs are of much greater importance than suggested by the psychoanalytic theory, which focuses on the unconscious.
96
Cognitive theory
Rational Emotive Theory (RET) (aka ABC Theory of Emotion) was developed by
Albert Ellis
97
Cognitive theory
Rational emotive therapy / abc theory of emotions. What does abc stand for
A - activating event
B - thoughts / beliefs about "a"
C - the emotional and behavioral consequences of "b"
98
Self-psychology developed by ____ for work with _____ patients
Heinz kohut. Narcissistic patients
99
self-psychology is unique compared to other psychodynamic theories in that it acknowledges the interrelationship between
The social structure and personality development.
100
Self-psychology
Selfobject
The child's perception of other people and objects as part of his self.
101
Self-psychology
Empathic mirroring
Describes process by which the selfobject eg the mother, mirrors the child. Reflects that the selfobject hears and understands the child's needs. Helps the child develop self-identity and form a cohesive self.
102
Self-psychology -
Transmuting internalization
Process in which an individual attains a cohesive self by transforming positive healthy objects into an internalized self-structure. This involves the incorporation of the functions which the object performs for the child into the child's self. Occurs during the child's first few years of life.
103
Gestalt psychology focuses on
Total person rather than an individual with separate parts. In general it is inconsistent with psychoanalytic theory. Focuses on present and believes that behaviors are obvious and can be controlled by the individual.
104
Stages of physical and motor development
Newborn
Sensory development ie oral and visual. Primary reflexes ie sucking reflex
105
Stages of physical and motor development.
1mo.
Increase in muscle strength. Arm and leg reflexes
106
Stages of physical and motor development
2months
Increase in hair growth. Attempts to hold chin up. Can reach for an object and hold for a brief moment.
107
Stages of physical and motor development
3 months
Can hold chest up while on stomach
108
Stages of physical and motor development
4 months
Teething. Can turn head in all directions
109
Stages of physical and motor development
4 months
Teething. Can turn head in all directions
110
Stages of physical and motor development
5 months
Eye hand coordination. Can move by rolling and rocking
111
Stages of physical and motor development
6-8months.
Balance. Can sit up with some support. Crawling.
112
Stages of physical and motor development
9-12months
Begins to walk. Can stand up alone. Can climb chairs/steps with help
113
Stages of physical and motor development
15-17 months
Can walk alone. Can throw objects. At 17 months, can walk sideways and backwards
114
Stages of physical and motor development
18-19 months
Can run and jump with both feet. Grasp and release. Knows several words and small phrases.
115
Ego psychology was developed by
Heinz Hartmand
116
Ego psychology theory is premised on the belief that...
Individuals have the ability to adapt to their social environment.
117
Ego psychology focuses on the process of...
Adaptation
118
Ego Psychology
Alloplastic behavior
Changing the environment in order to adapt
119
Ego Psychology
Autoplastc behavior
Changing one's own behavior or self in order to adapt
120
Ego Psychology
Twelve major ego functions
```
Reality functions
Judgement
Sense of reality
Regulation and control of drives and impulses
Object relations
Thought processes
Adaptive regression
Defensive functioning
Stimulus barrier
Autonomous functions
Mastery-competence
Integrative functioning
```
121
Ego psychology
Reality testing
Ability to differentiate between accurate perceptions of the self and the environment
122
Ego psychology
Judgement
Ability to identify and weigh the consequences of a behavior before acting
123
Ego psychology
Sense of reality
Ability to not only perceive things accurately, but to experience them that way as well
124
Ego psychology
Regulations and control of drives and impulses
Ability to control drives, impulses and affect in accordance with reality
125
Ego psychology
Object relations
Ability to interact with others
126
Ego psychology
Thought processes
Ability to have goal-directed, organized, and realistic thoughts
127
Ego psychology
Adaptive regression
Ability to let go of reality and experience aspects of the self that are ordinarily inaccessible
128
Ego psychology
Defensive functioning
Ability to use unconscious mechanisms to reduce anxiety and painful experiences
129
Ego psychology
Stimulus barrier
Ability to maintain current level of functioning despite increases and / or decreases in stimulation
130
Ego psychology
Autonomous functioning
Presence of certain conflict-free functions that are capable of functioning continuously, e.g., learning, memory, perception, and concentration
131
Ego psychology
Mastery-competence
Ability to successfully interact with the environment
132
Ego psychology
Integrative functioning
Ability to integrate parts of the personality to resolve conflict
133
Psychosocial (Erickson) is based on the notion that...
An individual's social environment shapes his/her personality
134
Psychosocial stems from ____ but draws most of its concepts from _____
Psychoanalytic
Ego psychology
135
What did Erikson believe was the most important part of the personality?
Ego
136
Most basic and enduring value that underlies the psychosocial theory is
That all individuals are innately worthy
137
Psychosocial
Each stage is marked by a crisis which must be resolved by the ____ for development to continue
Ego
138
Psychosocial crisis is marked by conflict between two opposing personality traits -
Syntonic and dystonic
| Healthy development requires a balance with a tendency toward syntonic
139
Psychosocial
Crisis resolution is dependent upon
The individual as well as his/her social environment
140
Psychosocial
Trust v. Mistrust
Birth - 1 yr.
Develops a sense of trust in others through being nurtured and loved. If a child is not nurtured and loved. S/he will experience a high level of mistrust causing the child to be withdrawn later in life
141
Psychosocial
Autonomy v. Shame and doubt
2-3yrs
Child begins to develop skills that allow him to become autonomous, I.e. Motor and verbal skills. The child becomes more confident and in control. If a child is not provided with what he needs socially he will feel ashamed and less confident
142
Psychosocial
Initiative v. Guilt
4-5 yrs
Child begins to become curious and moves around into new spaces to explore. The child learns to play with others. The child who is not allowed to take initiative will feel guilty and fearful
143
Psychosocial
Industry v. Inferiority
6-11yrs
Child develops a need to do things well, to work, and to provide in the future. School and peers are critical to assisting the child in her mastery of the tasks. If a child fails to achieve this he will feel inferior and incompetent.
144
Psychosocial
Identity v. Role-confusion
12-18yrs.
The adolescent begins to create his/her own identity and to integrate the various components of himself into a whole person. An adolescent who is unable to integrate will experience role confusion.
145
Intimacy v. Isolation
20-35yrs.
The individual learns to build reciprocal relationships with others on many levels, including socially, sexually, and occupationally. Individuals who fail to built these relationships will feel isolated.
146
Psychosocial
Generativity v. Stagnation
35-50yrs.
The individual develops the capacity to care and nurture. Individuals who fail at this stage will focus only on caring for himself.
147
Psychosocial
Ego integrity v. Despair
50+ years.
The individual learns to accept his own life achievements and significant others. If an individual fails at this he will only experience despair
148
Biopsychosocial theory considers human behavior to be the result of interactions between
Biological, psychological, and social systems.
149
Bio psychosocial theory
Who we are at any given moment is a result of the intertwining of
Constitution, consciousness and context
150
Object relations theory
Mahler's 3 stages of development
1) autistic stage - infant focused purely on herself and is unresponsive to external stimuli
2) symbiotic stage - infant begins to perceive "need-satisfying object." During this stage, the mother's ego functions for the infant. Infant feels unity with mother but begins to understand mother as a separate being.
3) . Separation-individuation stage
151
Object relations theory
Mahler's stages of development
4 substages
1) differentiation substage - infant's attention shifts from being inwardly focused to outwardly focused. Infant begins to separate from the caretaker, eg crawling.
2) practicing substage - infant continues to separate from caretaker and his autonomous ego functions become more apparent. During this substage, the infant becomes increasingly more mobile and active, eg walking, playing.
3) rapprochement substage - infant begins to want to act independently. Infant moves away from his mother, but regularly comes back to ensure that she is still there.
4) . Object constancy substage - the infant internalizes his mother and begins to understand that his mother still exists for him despite her absence.
152
Object permanence theory.
Mahler's stages of development ages
Autistic - newborn to 1mo.
Symbiotic - 1-5mo
Separation - individuation stage
Differentiation stage. 5-9mo
Practicing substage. 9-14mo.
Rapprochement sub. 14-24mo
Object constancy sub. After 24mo.
153
Analytical psychology (aka jungian psychology) emphasizes ______ and _______ influences on behavior
Conscious and unconscious
154
Analytical psychology - unlike psychoanalytic Jung believed the ego was _____.
Conscious
155
Analytical psychology (aka jungian psychology)
Dreams
The "known but unknown" is contained in the unconscious and dreams are one of the main vehicles for the unconscious to express them. Dreams show ideas, beliefs, and feelings of which individuals are not readily aware, but need to be.
156
Analytical psychology
Jung defined 5 main archetypes
1) self - regulating center of the psyche and facilitator of individuation
2) shadow - an unconscious complies defined as the repressed, suppressed or disowned qualities of the conscious self
3) anima - feminine image in a man's psyche
4) animus - masculine image in woman's psyche
5) persona - how we present to the world.
157
Cognitive theory
An individual's cognition and thoughts are the principal determinants of his behavior.
*alder, Ellis and beck were early cognitive theorists
158
Cognitive theory
3 major differences from freud's theory
1) personality should be viewed as a whole, not as separate components
2) behavior is driven by social motivation, not sexual drive
3) individual's conscious thoughts and beliefs are of much greater importance than suggested by the psychoanalytic theory, which focuses on the unconscious.
159
Cognitive theory
Rational Emotive Theory (RET) (aka ABC Theory of Emotion) was developed by
Albert Ellis
160
Cognitive theory
Rational emotive therapy / abc theory of emotions. What does abc stand for
A - activating event
B - thoughts / beliefs about "a"
C - the emotional and behavioral consequences of "b"
161
Self-psychology developed by ____ for work with _____ patients
Heinz kohut. Narcissistic patients
162
self-psychology is unique compared to other psychodynamic theories in that it acknowledges the interrelationship between
The social structure and personality development.
163
Self-psychology
Selfobject
The child's perception of other people and objects as part of his self.
164
Self-psychology
Empathic mirroring
Describes process by which the selfobject eg the mother, mirrors the child. Reflects that the selfobject hears and understands the child's needs. Helps the child develop self-identity and form a cohesive self.
165
Self-psychology -
Transmuting internalization
Process in which an individual attains a cohesive self by transforming positive healthy objects into an internalized self-structure. This involves the incorporation of the functions which the object performs for the child into the child's self. Occurs during the child's first few years of life.
166
Gestalt psychology focuses on
Total person rather than an individual with separate parts. In general it is inconsistent with psychoanalytic theory. Focuses on present and believes that behaviors are obvious and can be controlled by the individual.
167
Stages of physical and motor development
Newborn
Sensory development ie oral and visual. Primary reflexes ie sucking reflex
168
Stages of physical and motor development.
1mo.
Increase in muscle strength. Arm and leg reflexes
169
Stages of physical and motor development
2months
Increase in hair growth. Attempts to hold chin up. Can reach for an object and hold for a brief moment.
170
Stages of physical and motor development
3 months
Can hold chest up while on stomach
171
Stages of physical and motor development
4 months
Teething. Can turn head in all directions
172
Stages of physical and motor development
4 months
Teething. Can turn head in all directions
173
Stages of physical and motor development
5 months
Eye hand coordination. Can move by rolling and rocking
174
Stages of physical and motor development
6-8months.
Balance. Can sit up with some support. Crawling.
175
Stages of physical and motor development
9-12months
Begins to walk. Can stand up alone. Can climb chairs/steps with help
176
Stages of physical and motor development
15-17 months
Can walk alone. Can throw objects. At 17 months, can walk sideways and backwards
177
Stages of physical and motor development
18-19 months
Can run and jump with both feet. Grasp and release. Knows several words and small phrases.
178
Ego psychology was developed by
Heinz Hartmand
179
Ego psychology theory is premised on the belief that...
Individuals have the ability to adapt to their social environment.
180
Ego psychology focuses on the process of...
Adaptation
181
Ego Psychology
Alloplastic behavior
Changing the environment in order to adapt
182
Ego Psychology
Autoplastc behavior
Changing one's own behavior or self in order to adapt
183
Ego Psychology
Twelve major ego functions
```
Reality functions
Judgement
Sense of reality
Regulation and control of drives and impulses
Object relations
Thought processes
Adaptive regression
Defensive functioning
Stimulus barrier
Autonomous functions
Mastery-competence
Integrative functioning
```
184
Ego psychology
Reality testing
Ability to differentiate between accurate perceptions of the self and the environment
185
Ego psychology
Judgement
Ability to identify and weigh the consequences of a behavior before acting
186
Ego psychology
Sense of reality
Ability to not only perceive things accurately, but to experience them that way as well
187
Ego psychology
Regulations and control of drives and impulses
Ability to control drives, impulses and affect in accordance with reality
188
Ego psychology
Object relations
Ability to interact with others
189
Ego psychology
Thought processes
Ability to have goal-directed, organized, and realistic thoughts
190
Ego psychology
Adaptive regression
Ability to let go of reality and experience aspects of the self that are ordinarily inaccessible
191
Ego psychology
Defensive functioning
Ability to use unconscious mechanisms to reduce anxiety and painful experiences
192
Ego psychology
Stimulus barrier
Ability to maintain current level of functioning despite increases and / or decreases in stimulation
193
Ego psychology
Autonomous functioning
Presence of certain conflict-free functions that are capable of functioning continuously, e.g., learning, memory, perception, and concentration
194
Ego psychology
Mastery-competence
Ability to successfully interact with the environment
195
Ego psychology
Integrative functioning
Ability to integrate parts of the personality to resolve conflict
196
Psychosocial (Erickson) is based on the notion that...
An individual's social environment shapes his/her personality
197
Psychosocial stems from ____ but draws most of its concepts from _____
Psychoanalytic
Ego psychology
198
What did Erikson believe was the most important part of the personality?
Ego
199
Most basic and enduring value that underlies the psychosocial theory is
That all individuals are innately worthy
200
Psychosocial
Each stage is marked by a crisis which must be resolved by the ____ for development to continue
Ego
201
Psychosocial crisis is marked by conflict between two opposing personality traits -
Syntonic and dystonic
| Healthy development requires a balance with a tendency toward syntonic
202
Psychosocial
Crisis resolution is dependent upon
The individual as well as his/her social environment
203
Psychosocial
Trust v. Mistrust
Birth - 1 yr.
Develops a sense of trust in others through being nurtured and loved. If a child is not nurtured and loved. S/he will experience a high level of mistrust causing the child to be withdrawn later in life
204
Psychosocial
Autonomy v. Shame and doubt
2-3yrs
Child begins to develop skills that allow him to become autonomous, I.e. Motor and verbal skills. The child becomes more confident and in control. If a child is not provided with what he needs socially he will feel ashamed and less confident
205
Psychosocial
Initiative v. Guilt
4-5 yrs
Child begins to become curious and moves around into new spaces to explore. The child learns to play with others. The child who is not allowed to take initiative will feel guilty and fearful
206
Psychosocial
Industry v. Inferiority
6-11yrs
Child develops a need to do things well, to work, and to provide in the future. School and peers are critical to assisting the child in her mastery of the tasks. If a child fails to achieve this he will feel inferior and incompetent.
207
Psychosocial
Identity v. Role-confusion
12-18yrs.
The adolescent begins to create his/her own identity and to integrate the various components of himself into a whole person. An adolescent who is unable to integrate will experience role confusion.
208
Intimacy v. Isolation
20-35yrs.
The individual learns to build reciprocal relationships with others on many levels, including socially, sexually, and occupationally. Individuals who fail to built these relationships will feel isolated.
209
Psychosocial
Generativity v. Stagnation
35-50yrs.
The individual develops the capacity to care and nurture. Individuals who fail at this stage will focus only on caring for himself.
210
Psychosocial
Ego integrity v. Despair
50+ years.
The individual learns to accept his own life achievements and significant others. If an individual fails at this he will only experience despair
211
Biopsychosocial theory considers human behavior to be the result of interactions between
Biological, psychological, and social systems.
212
Bio psychosocial theory
Who we are at any given moment is a result of the intertwining of
Constitution, consciousness and context
213
Object relations theory
Mahler's 3 stages of development
1) autistic stage - infant focused purely on herself and is unresponsive to external stimuli
2) symbiotic stage - infant begins to perceive "need-satisfying object." During this stage, the mother's ego functions for the infant. Infant feels unity with mother but begins to understand mother as a separate being.
3) . Separation-individuation stage
214
Object relations theory
Mahler's stages of development
4 substages
1) differentiation substage - infant's attention shifts from being inwardly focused to outwardly focused. Infant begins to separate from the caretaker, eg crawling.
2) practicing substage - infant continues to separate from caretaker and his autonomous ego functions become more apparent. During this substage, the infant becomes increasingly more mobile and active, eg walking, playing.
3) rapprochement substage - infant begins to want to act independently. Infant moves away from his mother, but regularly comes back to ensure that she is still there.
4) . Object constancy substage - the infant internalizes his mother and begins to understand that his mother still exists for him despite her absence.
215
Object permanence theory.
Mahler's stages of development ages
Autistic - newborn to 1mo.
Symbiotic - 1-5mo
Separation - individuation stage
Differentiation stage. 5-9mo
Practicing substage. 9-14mo.
Rapprochement sub. 14-24mo
Object constancy sub. After 24mo.
216
Analytical psychology (aka jungian psychology) emphasizes ______ and _______ influences on behavior
Conscious and unconscious
217
Analytical psychology - unlike psychoanalytic Jung believed the ego was _____.
Conscious
218
Analytical psychology (aka jungian psychology)
Dreams
The "known but unknown" is contained in the unconscious and dreams are one of the main vehicles for the unconscious to express them. Dreams show ideas, beliefs, and feelings of which individuals are not readily aware, but need to be.
219
Analytical psychology
Jung defined 5 main archetypes
1) self - regulating center of the psyche and facilitator of individuation
2) shadow - an unconscious complies defined as the repressed, suppressed or disowned qualities of the conscious self
3) anima - feminine image in a man's psyche
4) animus - masculine image in woman's psyche
5) persona - how we present to the world.
220
Cognitive theory
An individual's cognition and thoughts are the principal determinants of his behavior.
*alder, Ellis and beck were early cognitive theorists
221
Cognitive theory
3 major differences from freud's theory
1) personality should be viewed as a whole, not as separate components
2) behavior is driven by social motivation, not sexual drive
3) individual's conscious thoughts and beliefs are of much greater importance than suggested by the psychoanalytic theory, which focuses on the unconscious.
222
Cognitive theory
Rational Emotive Theory (RET) (aka ABC Theory of Emotion) was developed by
Albert Ellis
223
Cognitive theory
Rational emotive therapy / abc theory of emotions. What does abc stand for
A - activating event
B - thoughts / beliefs about "a"
C - the emotional and behavioral consequences of "b"
224
Self-psychology developed by ____ for work with _____ patients
Heinz kohut. Narcissistic patients
225
self-psychology is unique compared to other psychodynamic theories in that it acknowledges the interrelationship between
The social structure and personality development.
226
Self-psychology
Selfobject
The child's perception of other people and objects as part of his self.
227
Self-psychology
Empathic mirroring
Describes process by which the selfobject eg the mother, mirrors the child. Reflects that the selfobject hears and understands the child's needs. Helps the child develop self-identity and form a cohesive self.
228
Self-psychology -
Transmuting internalization
Process in which an individual attains a cohesive self by transforming positive healthy objects into an internalized self-structure. This involves the incorporation of the functions which the object performs for the child into the child's self. Occurs during the child's first few years of life.
229
Gestalt psychology focuses on
Total person rather than an individual with separate parts. In general it is inconsistent with psychoanalytic theory. Focuses on present and believes that behaviors are obvious and can be controlled by the individual.
230
Stages of physical and motor development
Newborn
Sensory development ie oral and visual. Primary reflexes ie sucking reflex
231
Stages of physical and motor development.
1mo.
Increase in muscle strength. Arm and leg reflexes
232
Stages of physical and motor development
2months
Increase in hair growth. Attempts to hold chin up. Can reach for an object and hold for a brief moment.
233
Stages of physical and motor development
3 months
Can hold chest up while on stomach
234
Stages of physical and motor development
4 months
Teething. Can turn head in all directions
235
Stages of physical and motor development
4 months
Teething. Can turn head in all directions
236
Stages of physical and motor development
5 months
Eye hand coordination. Can move by rolling and rocking
237
Stages of physical and motor development
6-8months.
Balance. Can sit up with some support. Crawling.
238
Stages of physical and motor development
9-12months
Begins to walk. Can stand up alone. Can climb chairs/steps with help
239
Stages of physical and motor development
15-17 months
Can walk alone. Can throw objects. At 17 months, can walk sideways and backwards
240
Stages of physical and motor development
18-19 months
Can run and jump with both feet. Grasp and release. Knows several words and small phrases.
