Human Development, Diversity & behavior In The Environment Flashcards
Uniqueness v. Universality
Individuals are all unique v. Individuals are basically similar in nature
Active v. Reactive
Individuals act through their own initiative v individuals react to outside stimuli
Optimistic v. Pessimistic
Individuals can change their personality v. Individuals are doomed to remain the same
Physiological v. Purposive motivation
Individuals are pushed by their physiological needs for water, food, and sexual activity v. Individuals are pulled by the purposes, goals, values, beliefs and attitudes
Conscious v. Unconscious motivation
Individuals are aware of the motivation to act v. Individuals are not aware of their motivation to act
Stage v. Non-stage theory
Individuals go through pre-determined stages of development v. Individuals do not go through pre-determined stages of development
Cultural determinism v. Cultural transcendence
Individuals are molded by their culture v. Individuals are not determined by their culture
Early or late personality formation
Individuals develop their personalities early in life and remain relatively fixed throughput the lifespan v. Individuals continue to develop their personalities later in life or throughout their lifespan
Freedom v. Determinism
Individuals have control over their behavior v. Behavior is determined by forces outside of an individual’s control
Psychodynamic theories emphasize the importance of ______ on psychosocial development
Childhood experiences
Psychoanalytic theory was founded by
Freud
Freud identified 3 levels of consciousness
1) conscious
2) pre-conscious
3) unconscious
Freud - conscious level of consciousness consists of?
Thoughts and ideas of which we are aware
Freud - preconscious level of consciousness
Ideas and thoughts of which we are not aware but are easily accessible
Freud - unconscious level of consciousness
Thoughts and ideas of which we are unaware and cannot access.
What level of consciousness does the psychoanalytic theory focus on?
Unconscious
According to the psychoanalytic theory, behaviors and thoughts are driven by….
Unconscious forces, motives and drives. An individual may act in response to external situations and the environment, but the way in which the individual acts is based upon unconscious wishes, dreams, desires and defenses.
According to psychoanalytic theory, all behaviors serve
An underlying covert purpose
Repression
Freud/psychoanalytic- thoughts and ideas that create anxiety or distress are pushed from the conscious to the unconscious.
Structural Theory of Personality Development
An individual’s personality consists of 3 major systems - Id, Ego & Superego
Id
(Structural theory of personality development)
Most primitive portion of the personality. Consists of basic instinctual drives, the most basic of which is sexual. Requires immediate gratification. Children only born with id. Follows the pleasure principal - seek pleasure/avoid psi
Ego
(Structural theory of personality development)
Rational and executive portion of personality. Mediates the demands of the individual and the often conflicting demands of the environment. As the ego develops, the REALITY PRINCIPLE emerges allowing child to recognize desire for immediate gratification must be compromised for the realities of the environment
Superego
(Structural theory of personality development)
Allows individuals to act not only out of need, but to consider the moral and ethical aspects of their behavior as well.
TWO aspects of superego
1) conscious - the “should nots”
2) ego ideal - the “shoulds”
According to Freud, personality development should be completed by age?
5
Driving forces - Freud
cathexis
Urging force drives an individual’s unconscious wishes and desires.
Driving forces - Freud
Anti-cathexis
The checking force. Acts as the brake on the imprudent actions of the ID and serves to keep repressed material unconscious
According to Freud, personality develops as a result of 2 major events
1) maturation and natural growth
2) learning to overcome frustration, avoid pain, resolve conflict and reduce anxiety
5 stages of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
1) oral
2) anal
3) phallic
4) latency
5) genital
Psychosexual stages of development
Oral (age)
0-1.5 yrs
Psychosexual development
Anal (age)
1.5-3
Psychosexual development
Phallic (age)
3-6
Psychosexual development
Latency
6-12 yrs
Focus on genitals and sexuality develops into more socially acceptable behaviors
Psychosexual development
Genital
12-adulthood
Accepts genitalia and begins to experience matural, adult-like sexual feelings
Defense mechanisms - Anna Freud
A) when the ego senses that a certain act or thought may cause harm, the ego produces anxiety. Serves as a signal of impending harm and causes deployment of defense mechanisms
B) defense mechanisms are the unconscious, irrational processes used by individuals to protect the ego & minimize pain, anxiety or discomfort by distorting, hiding or denying reality
Defense mechanisms -
Denial
Refusing to acknowledge or recognize the reality and implications of painful, anxiety-provoking experiences
Defense mechanisms
Displacement
Shifting repressed feelings from where they originate to some other object.
Defense mechanisms
Dissociation
Separation or postponement of a feeling that normally would accompany a situation or thought.
Defense mechanisms
Idealization
Form of denial in which the object of attention is presented as “all good” masking the true negative feelings towards each other
Defense mechanisms
Identification
The unconscious modeling of one’s self upon another person’s behavior.
Defense mechanisms
Introjection
Identifying with some idea or object so deeply that it becomes part of that person
Defense mechanisms
Inversion
Refocusing of aggression or emotions evoked from an external force onto one’s self
Defense mechanisms
Isolation
Inability to simultaneously experience the cognitive and affective components of a situation
Defense mechanisms
Intellectualization
Rationalizing and making generalizations about anxiety-provoking issues to minimize pain and anxiety
Defense mechanisms
Projection
Attributing a painful thought or idea to another person
Defense mechanisms
Rationalization
Attempting to provide a logical and rational explanation to avoid guilt or shame
Defense mechanisms
Reaction formation
Replacing of some painful or negative event with the complete opposite
Defense mechanisms
Regression
Losing of some aspect of development already achieved due to undue anxiety causing a person to revert to a previously attained stage or lower level of adaptation
Defense mechanisms
Repression
Pushing a negative or painful image, thought or idea out of consciousness to avoid the associated pain. This is the PRIMARY DEFENSE MECHANISM.
Defense mechanisms
Somatization
Manifestation of emotional anxiety into physical symptoms
Defense mechanisms
Splitting
Repressing, dissociating or disconnecting important feelings that are “dangerous” to psychic well-being. Causes a person to get out of touch with feelings and leads to feelings of a “fragmented self”
Defense mechanisms
Substitution
Replacing one feeling or emotion with another
Ego psychology was developed by
Heinz Hartmand
Ego psychology theory is premised on the belief that…
Individuals have the ability to adapt to their social environment.
Ego psychology focuses on the process of…
Adaptation
Ego Psychology
Alloplastic behavior
Changing the environment in order to adapt
Ego Psychology
Autoplastc behavior
Changing one’s own behavior or self in order to adapt
Ego Psychology
Twelve major ego functions
Reality functions Judgement Sense of reality Regulation and control of drives and impulses Object relations Thought processes Adaptive regression Defensive functioning Stimulus barrier Autonomous functions Mastery-competence Integrative functioning
Ego psychology
Reality testing
Ability to differentiate between accurate perceptions of the self and the environment
Ego psychology
Judgement
Ability to identify and weigh the consequences of a behavior before acting
Ego psychology
Sense of reality
Ability to not only perceive things accurately, but to experience them that way as well
Ego psychology
Regulations and control of drives and impulses
Ability to control drives, impulses and affect in accordance with reality
Ego psychology
Object relations
Ability to interact with others
Ego psychology
Thought processes
Ability to have goal-directed, organized, and realistic thoughts
Ego psychology
Adaptive regression
Ability to let go of reality and experience aspects of the self that are ordinarily inaccessible
Ego psychology
Defensive functioning
Ability to use unconscious mechanisms to reduce anxiety and painful experiences
Ego psychology
Stimulus barrier
Ability to maintain current level of functioning despite increases and / or decreases in stimulation
Ego psychology
Autonomous functioning
Presence of certain conflict-free functions that are capable of functioning continuously, e.g., learning, memory, perception, and concentration
Ego psychology
Mastery-competence
Ability to successfully interact with the environment
Ego psychology
Integrative functioning
Ability to integrate parts of the personality to resolve conflict
Psychosocial (Erickson) is based on the notion that…
An individual’s social environment shapes his/her personality
Psychosocial stems from ____ but draws most of its concepts from _____
Psychoanalytic
Ego psychology
What did Erikson believe was the most important part of the personality?
Ego
Most basic and enduring value that underlies the psychosocial theory is
That all individuals are innately worthy
Psychosocial
Each stage is marked by a crisis which must be resolved by the ____ for development to continue
Ego
Psychosocial crisis is marked by conflict between two opposing personality traits -
Syntonic and dystonic
Healthy development requires a balance with a tendency toward syntonic
Psychosocial
Crisis resolution is dependent upon
The individual as well as his/her social environment
Psychosocial
Trust v. Mistrust
Birth - 1 yr.
Develops a sense of trust in others through being nurtured and loved. If a child is not nurtured and loved. S/he will experience a high level of mistrust causing the child to be withdrawn later in life
Psychosocial
Autonomy v. Shame and doubt
2-3yrs
Child begins to develop skills that allow him to become autonomous, I.e. Motor and verbal skills. The child becomes more confident and in control. If a child is not provided with what he needs socially he will feel ashamed and less confident
Psychosocial
Initiative v. Guilt
4-5 yrs
Child begins to become curious and moves around into new spaces to explore. The child learns to play with others. The child who is not allowed to take initiative will feel guilty and fearful
Psychosocial
Industry v. Inferiority
6-11yrs
Child develops a need to do things well, to work, and to provide in the future. School and peers are critical to assisting the child in her mastery of the tasks. If a child fails to achieve this he will feel inferior and incompetent.
Psychosocial
Identity v. Role-confusion
12-18yrs.
The adolescent begins to create his/her own identity and to integrate the various components of himself into a whole person. An adolescent who is unable to integrate will experience role confusion.
Intimacy v. Isolation
20-35yrs.
The individual learns to build reciprocal relationships with others on many levels, including socially, sexually, and occupationally. Individuals who fail to built these relationships will feel isolated.
Psychosocial
Generativity v. Stagnation
35-50yrs.
The individual develops the capacity to care and nurture. Individuals who fail at this stage will focus only on caring for himself.
Psychosocial
Ego integrity v. Despair
50+ years.
The individual learns to accept his own life achievements and significant others. If an individual fails at this he will only experience despair
Biopsychosocial theory considers human behavior to be the result of interactions between
Biological, psychological, and social systems.
Bio psychosocial theory
Who we are at any given moment is a result of the intertwining of
Constitution, consciousness and context
Object relations theory
Mahler’s 3 stages of development
1) autistic stage - infant focused purely on herself and is unresponsive to external stimuli
2) symbiotic stage - infant begins to perceive “need-satisfying object.” During this stage, the mother’s ego functions for the infant. Infant feels unity with mother but begins to understand mother as a separate being.
3) . Separation-individuation stage
Object relations theory
Mahler’s stages of development
4 substages
1) differentiation substage - infant’s attention shifts from being inwardly focused to outwardly focused. Infant begins to separate from the caretaker, eg crawling.
2) practicing substage - infant continues to separate from caretaker and his autonomous ego functions become more apparent. During this substage, the infant becomes increasingly more mobile and active, eg walking, playing.
3) rapprochement substage - infant begins to want to act independently. Infant moves away from his mother, but regularly comes back to ensure that she is still there.
4) . Object constancy substage - the infant internalizes his mother and begins to understand that his mother still exists for him despite her absence.
Object permanence theory.
Mahler’s stages of development ages
Autistic - newborn to 1mo.
Symbiotic - 1-5mo
Separation - individuation stage
Differentiation stage. 5-9mo
Practicing substage. 9-14mo.
Rapprochement sub. 14-24mo
Object constancy sub. After 24mo.
Analytical psychology (aka jungian psychology) emphasizes ______ and _______ influences on behavior
Conscious and unconscious
Analytical psychology - unlike psychoanalytic Jung believed the ego was _____.
Conscious
Analytical psychology (aka jungian psychology)
Dreams
The “known but unknown” is contained in the unconscious and dreams are one of the main vehicles for the unconscious to express them. Dreams show ideas, beliefs, and feelings of which individuals are not readily aware, but need to be.
Analytical psychology
Jung defined 5 main archetypes
1) self - regulating center of the psyche and facilitator of individuation
2) shadow - an unconscious complies defined as the repressed, suppressed or disowned qualities of the conscious self
3) anima - feminine image in a man’s psyche
4) animus - masculine image in woman’s psyche
5) persona - how we present to the world.
Cognitive theory
An individual’s cognition and thoughts are the principal determinants of his behavior.
*alder, Ellis and beck were early cognitive theorists
Cognitive theory
3 major differences from freud’s theory
1) personality should be viewed as a whole, not as separate components
2) behavior is driven by social motivation, not sexual drive
3) individual’s conscious thoughts and beliefs are of much greater importance than suggested by the psychoanalytic theory, which focuses on the unconscious.
Cognitive theory
Rational Emotive Theory (RET) (aka ABC Theory of Emotion) was developed by
Albert Ellis
