Human Development, Diversity, & Behavior in the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

What are Freud’s five stages of psychosexual development?

A

Oral Stage (0-18 mo)
Anal Stage (18 mo- 3 yrs)
Phallic Stage (3yrs-6yrs)
Latent Stage (6yrs-puberty)
Genital Stage (puberty-death)

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2
Q

Freud’s Oral Stage

A

Gratification involves mouth

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3
Q

Freud’s Anal Stage

A

Gratification involves anus & bladder

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4
Q

Freud’s Phallic Stage

A

Exploration of body and genitals

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5
Q

Freud’s Latent Stage

A

Sexual interests are dormant

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6
Q

Freud’s Genital Stage

A

Onset of sexual feelings

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7
Q

Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development

A

Trust vs Mistrust (birth-18 mo)
Autonomy vs Shame (18 mo-3yrs)
Initiative vs Guilt (3yrs-6yrs)
Industry vs Inferiority (6yrs-11yrs)
Identity vs Role Confusion (12yrs-18yrs)
Intimacy vs Isolation (18yrs-40yrs)
Generative vs Stagnation (40yrs-60yrs)
Ego integrity vs Despair (mid 60s-death)

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8
Q

Erikson’s Trust vs Mistrust

A

Virtue-hope

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9
Q

Erikson’s Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

A

Virtue-will

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10
Q

Erikson’s Initiative vs Guilt

A

Virtue-purpose

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11
Q

Erikson’s Industry vs Inferiority

A

Virtue-competency

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12
Q

Erikson’s Identity vs Role Confusion

A

Virtue-fidelity

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13
Q

Erikson’s Intimacy vs Isolation

A

Virtue-love

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14
Q

Erikson’s Generativity vs Stagnation

A

Virtue-care

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15
Q

Erikson’s Ego integrity vs Despair

A

Virtue-wisdom

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16
Q

Key ideas related to Piaget’s research on child development

A

Assimilation: A person accepts & organizes information then corporates new material into existing knowledge.
Accommodation: Old ideas must be changed or replaced due to obtaining new information from the environment.
Schemas: A set of thoughts, ideas, or perceptions that fit together and are constantly challenged by gaining new information and creating change through knowledge.

17
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

A

1: Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2yrs)
2: Pre-operational Stage (2yrs-7yrs)
3: Concrete Operational Stage (7yrs-11yrs)
4: Formal Operational Stage (12yrs-life)

18
Q

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage

A

Infant learns about their environment through their senses.

19
Q

Piaget’s Pre-operational Stage

A

Uses symbols & language to communicate; egocentric

20
Q

Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage

A

Understands different viewpoints & uses logic

21
Q

Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage

A

Can access the abstract; new schemas; seeks purpose in life, goals, & preferences.

22
Q

What was Ivan Pavlov famous for?

A

Pavlov was famous for his psychological research with dogs.

Pair a ringing bell with presentation of food, causing the dog to salivate. Eventually just ringing the bell would cause the dog to salivate. Birthed the theory of classical conditioning.

23
Q

What was Ivan Pavlov famous for?

A

Pavlov was famous for his psychological research with dogs.

Pair a ringing bell with presentation of food, causing the dog to salivate. Eventually just ringing the bell would cause the dog to salivate. Birthed the theory of classical conditioning.

24
Q

What is operant conditioning theory?

A

Spearheaded by B.F. Skinner, operant conditioning is the idea that behavior that is reinforced will increase, and behavior that is punished will decrease.

25
What are some key concepts needed to understand operant conditioning?
Positive Reinforcement: reward for behavior Negative Reinforcement: unpleasant stimulus is removed based on behavior Punishment: unpleasant response in the environment that increases the likelihood behavior will cease Superstition: incorrect perception that one stimulus is connected to another Shaping: process of changing behavior gradually by rewarding approximations of the desired behavior
26
What are the different schedules or reinforcement?
Continuous rate: subject rewarded every time behavior is demonstrated Fixed ratio: reward is given after a fixed number of attempts Variable ratio: reward is given at unpredictable rates Fixed interval: reward is given only after a specific amount of time has passed Variable interval: reward is given after an unpredictable amount of time has passed Extinction: occurs when a behavior disappears as a result of no longer being reinforced