Human Development, Diversity, & Behavior in the Environment Flashcards
What are Freud’s five stages of psychosexual development?
Oral Stage (0-18 mo)
Anal Stage (18 mo- 3 yrs)
Phallic Stage (3yrs-6yrs)
Latent Stage (6yrs-puberty)
Genital Stage (puberty-death)
Freud’s Oral Stage
Gratification involves mouth
Freud’s Anal Stage
Gratification involves anus & bladder
Freud’s Phallic Stage
Exploration of body and genitals
Freud’s Latent Stage
Sexual interests are dormant
Freud’s Genital Stage
Onset of sexual feelings
Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development
Trust vs Mistrust (birth-18 mo)
Autonomy vs Shame (18 mo-3yrs)
Initiative vs Guilt (3yrs-6yrs)
Industry vs Inferiority (6yrs-11yrs)
Identity vs Role Confusion (12yrs-18yrs)
Intimacy vs Isolation (18yrs-40yrs)
Generative vs Stagnation (40yrs-60yrs)
Ego integrity vs Despair (mid 60s-death)
Erikson’s Trust vs Mistrust
Virtue-hope
Erikson’s Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
Virtue-will
Erikson’s Initiative vs Guilt
Virtue-purpose
Erikson’s Industry vs Inferiority
Virtue-competency
Erikson’s Identity vs Role Confusion
Virtue-fidelity
Erikson’s Intimacy vs Isolation
Virtue-love
Erikson’s Generativity vs Stagnation
Virtue-care
Erikson’s Ego integrity vs Despair
Virtue-wisdom
Key ideas related to Piaget’s research on child development
Assimilation: A person accepts & organizes information then corporates new material into existing knowledge.
Accommodation: Old ideas must be changed or replaced due to obtaining new information from the environment.
Schemas: A set of thoughts, ideas, or perceptions that fit together and are constantly challenged by gaining new information and creating change through knowledge.
Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development
1: Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2yrs)
2: Pre-operational Stage (2yrs-7yrs)
3: Concrete Operational Stage (7yrs-11yrs)
4: Formal Operational Stage (12yrs-life)
Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
Infant learns about their environment through their senses.
Piaget’s Pre-operational Stage
Uses symbols & language to communicate; egocentric
Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage
Understands different viewpoints & uses logic
Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage
Can access the abstract; new schemas; seeks purpose in life, goals, & preferences.
What was Ivan Pavlov famous for?
Pavlov was famous for his psychological research with dogs.
Pair a ringing bell with presentation of food, causing the dog to salivate. Eventually just ringing the bell would cause the dog to salivate. Birthed the theory of classical conditioning.
What was Ivan Pavlov famous for?
Pavlov was famous for his psychological research with dogs.
Pair a ringing bell with presentation of food, causing the dog to salivate. Eventually just ringing the bell would cause the dog to salivate. Birthed the theory of classical conditioning.
What is operant conditioning theory?
Spearheaded by B.F. Skinner, operant conditioning is the idea that behavior that is reinforced will increase, and behavior that is punished will decrease.
What are some key concepts needed to understand operant conditioning?
Positive Reinforcement: reward for behavior
Negative Reinforcement: unpleasant stimulus is removed based on behavior
Punishment: unpleasant response in the environment that increases the likelihood behavior will cease
Superstition: incorrect perception that one stimulus is connected to another
Shaping: process of changing behavior gradually by rewarding approximations of the desired behavior
What are the different schedules or reinforcement?
Continuous rate: subject rewarded every time behavior is demonstrated
Fixed ratio: reward is given after a fixed number of attempts
Variable ratio: reward is given at unpredictable rates
Fixed interval: reward is given only after a specific amount of time has passed
Variable interval: reward is given after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
Extinction: occurs when a behavior disappears as a result of no longer being reinforced
