Human Development, Diversity, & Behavior in the Environment

Question 1

What are Freud’s five stages of psychosexual development?

Answer 1

Oral Stage (0-18 mo)
Anal Stage (18 mo- 3 yrs)
Phallic Stage (3yrs-6yrs)
Latent Stage (6yrs-puberty)
Genital Stage (puberty-death)

Question 2

Freud’s Oral Stage

Answer 2

Gratification involves mouth

Question 3

Freud’s Anal Stage

Answer 3

Gratification involves anus & bladder

Question 4

Freud’s Phallic Stage

Answer 4

Exploration of body and genitals

Question 5

Freud’s Latent Stage

Answer 5

Sexual interests are dormant

Question 6

Freud’s Genital Stage

Answer 6

Onset of sexual feelings

Question 7

Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development

Answer 7

Trust vs Mistrust (birth-18 mo)
Autonomy vs Shame (18 mo-3yrs)
Initiative vs Guilt (3yrs-6yrs)
Industry vs Inferiority (6yrs-11yrs)
Identity vs Role Confusion (12yrs-18yrs)
Intimacy vs Isolation (18yrs-40yrs)
Generative vs Stagnation (40yrs-60yrs)
Ego integrity vs Despair (mid 60s-death)

Question 8

Erikson’s Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 8

Virtue-hope

Question 9

Erikson’s Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

Answer 9

Virtue-will

Question 10

Erikson’s Initiative vs Guilt

Answer 10

Virtue-purpose

Question 11

Erikson’s Industry vs Inferiority

Answer 11

Virtue-competency

Question 12

Erikson’s Identity vs Role Confusion

Answer 12

Virtue-fidelity

Question 13

Erikson’s Intimacy vs Isolation

Answer 13

Virtue-love

Question 14

Erikson’s Generativity vs Stagnation

Answer 14

Virtue-care

Question 15

Erikson’s Ego integrity vs Despair

Answer 15

Virtue-wisdom

Question 16

Key ideas related to Piaget’s research on child development

Answer 16

Assimilation: A person accepts & organizes information then corporates new material into existing knowledge.
Accommodation: Old ideas must be changed or replaced due to obtaining new information from the environment.
Schemas: A set of thoughts, ideas, or perceptions that fit together and are constantly challenged by gaining new information and creating change through knowledge.

Question 17

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

Answer 17

1: Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2yrs)
2: Pre-operational Stage (2yrs-7yrs)
3: Concrete Operational Stage (7yrs-11yrs)
4: Formal Operational Stage (12yrs-life)

Question 18

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 18

Infant learns about their environment through their senses.

Question 19

Piaget’s Pre-operational Stage

Answer 19

Uses symbols & language to communicate; egocentric

Question 20

Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 20

Understands different viewpoints & uses logic

Question 21

Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage

Answer 21

Can access the abstract; new schemas; seeks purpose in life, goals, & preferences.

Question 22

What was Ivan Pavlov famous for?

Answer 22

Pavlov was famous for his psychological research with dogs.

Pair a ringing bell with presentation of food, causing the dog to salivate. Eventually just ringing the bell would cause the dog to salivate. Birthed the theory of classical conditioning.

Question 23

What was Ivan Pavlov famous for?

Answer 23

Pavlov was famous for his psychological research with dogs.

Pair a ringing bell with presentation of food, causing the dog to salivate. Eventually just ringing the bell would cause the dog to salivate. Birthed the theory of classical conditioning.

Question 24

What is operant conditioning theory?

Answer 24

Spearheaded by B.F. Skinner, operant conditioning is the idea that behavior that is reinforced will increase, and behavior that is punished will decrease.

Question 25

What are some key concepts needed to understand operant conditioning?

Answer 25

Positive Reinforcement: reward for behavior
Negative Reinforcement: unpleasant stimulus is removed based on behavior
Punishment: unpleasant response in the environment that increases the likelihood behavior will cease
Superstition: incorrect perception that one stimulus is connected to another
Shaping: process of changing behavior gradually by rewarding approximations of the desired behavior

Question 26

What are the different schedules or reinforcement?

Answer 26

Continuous rate: subject rewarded every time behavior is demonstrated
Fixed ratio: reward is given after a fixed number of attempts
Variable ratio: reward is given at unpredictable rates
Fixed interval: reward is given only after a specific amount of time has passed
Variable interval: reward is given after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
Extinction: occurs when a behavior disappears as a result of no longer being reinforced