Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment Flashcards
CONFLICT THEORY
The belief that society is inherently in a state of conflict due to competition for limited resources, with power imbalances leading to social injustice and inequality.
COGNITIVE-AFFECTIVE PERSONALITY SYSTEM (CAPS) - 2 parts
- Believes personality is a complex system of cognitive and emotional processes that interact with situational factors to produce behavior.
- Behavior is NOT consistent across all situations and varies depending on context.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (humanistic theory) - 5 parts
- Physiological: food/water
- Safety: security/shelter
- Love & belonging: relationships/affection
- Esteem: self-respect/recognition
- Self-actualization
PERSON-CENTERED THEORY: WHO & What & therapeutic relationship use
Who: Carl Rogers
What: *Focused on self-concept & belief in ppl’s drive toward growth/fulfillment.
Therapeutic relationships: * unconditional positive regard, empathy, & genuineness.
Psycho-analytic Theory: Who, what, & parts (w/ age ranges)?
Who: Freud
What: Emphasized role of unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and innate drives.
Parts: 1. Id: primitive desires (@ birth)
2. Ego: rational thinking (2-4 y/o)
3. Super Ego: moral standards (5 y/o)
Impacts of abuse/neglect on social functioning?
- Relationship difficulties
- Isolation/stigma
- Behavioral challenges
Abuse/neglect: Socioeconomic & Cultural Factors
- Can create financial dependency.
- Cultural norms/stigmas may discourage reporting and leave abuse unacknowledged.
- Immigrant/refugee families: language barriers, fear of deportation, and lack of access to resources.
Impacts of abuse/neglect: Mental & Physical Health
- Developmental Delays
- Trauma responses
- Attachment issues (ex. Reactive attachment d/o & insecure attachment styles)
Examples of cultural & societal factors of abuse/neglect?
- strict ideas on obedience
- family hierarchy
- stigma around elder care: limits options for support & reporting.
What are intergenerational patterns of abuse/neglect & what breaks the cycle?
- Those previously abused in childhood have higher risk to become abused or an abuser in adulthood.
- breaking cycle: intervention, therapy, support, & early identification.
What are the 3 cycles/phases of abuse?
- Tension building
- Abusive incident
- Honeymoon: abuser seeks to regain control.
Mandatory reporting : social work
If there is reasonable suspicion, ALWAYS REPORT!
Mandatory reporting: details to give
- victim info
- nature of suspected abuse/neglect
- any actions social worker took to assess the situation
- the reporter’s contact info.
Sociocultural theory: who, what, & 6 key concept?
Who: Vygotsky
What: belief that social interaction plays an important role in development of cognition.
Key concepts:
1. Zone of proximal development (zpd)
2. Scaffolding
3. Social interaction
4. Cultural tools
5. Private speech
6. Play
Sociocultural theory: Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
- The gap between a learner’s actual development level & their potential level with assistance.
Sociocultural theory: Scaffolding
- adjusting the level of support according to learner’s needs, then gradually withdrawing support as learner improves.
Sociocultural theory: importance of social interaction
Emphasizes collaborative learning & exchange of ideas between learners to increase knowledge, cultural tools, and problem-solving strategies.
Sociocultural theory: cultural tools
- Language, signs, symbols
- Passed down from generation to generation
- mediates learner’s interaction with the world
Sociocultural theory: Private Speech
- talking to oneself during problem-solving/activities
- allows children to regulate their thinking & behavior.
- becomes “inner speech” later in life.
Sociocultural theory: PLAY
- allows practice of new skills in a less structured environment to engage beyond child’s current level.
Bandura’s 4-stages of MODELING?
- Attention
- Retention
- Reproduction
- Motivation (influenced by: positive reinforcement or expectation of positive outcome)
Social Learning Theory: Who & Importance in social work?
Who: Bandura
Social work:
* intervention:—-modeling allows sw to teach coping or social skills
* family therapy:—-allows observation of family dynamics/interactions’ influence on a child’s behavior.
* group therapy:—-use of group as source of positive modeling & peer support
* addressing negative behaviors:—- to identify/modify environmental factors that may be reinforcing problem behaviors.
Attachment Theory: Who, what, & importance to social work?
Who: Bowlby
What: 4 attachment styles:—- 1. Avoidant; 2. Anxious-ambivalent; 3. Disorganized; & 4. Secure
Importance to sw: —- 1. Helps understand client’s behavior;
2. Attachment patterns can lead to identification of underlying issues;
3. Crucial in assessing child welfare, place,ent consideration, & supporting healthy parent-child bonding.
Bowlby’s Attachment Theory: DISORGANIZED ATTACHMENT
Children exhibit unpredictable behaviors, often stemming from inconsistent or frightening caregivers.
Bowlby’s Attachment Theory: SECURE ATTACHMENT
Children feel confident in their caregivers’s availability and are distressed when separated BUT easily comforted upon reunion.
Bowlby’s Attachment Theory: ANXIOUS-AMBIVALENT ATTACHMENT
Child shows HIGH levels of DISTRESS when separated from caregiver & may be ambivalent upon reunion.
Bowlby’s Attachment Theory: AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT
Child tends to avoid closeness & may NOT show distress when separated from caregiver.
Piaget’s Cognitive-Development Theory: 4-stages & importance to social work?
Stages:—- 1. Sensorimotor; 2. Pre operational; 3. Concrete-Operational; 4. Formal-Operational
Importance to SW:—-
1. Relating client’s developmental stage based on age to determine their behaviors/communication patterns.
2. Adapt interventions to client’s cognitive abilities based off stage of development.
3. Identification of developmental delays if strayed from developmental stage.
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory: Sensorimotor (Age & Definition)
Age range: 0-2 years
- Learn through sensory experiences & manipulating objects.
- Developing object permanence.
Piaget’s Cognitive Development: PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE (Age & Definition)
Age range: 2-7 years
- Use of symbols & language, engaging in pretend play.
- Egocentrism:—- STRUGGLES with logic & taking others’ perspectives.
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory: CONCRETE-OPERATIONAL STAGE (Age & Definition)
Age range: 7-12 years
- Develop logical thinking & understands conservation.
- STRUGGLES with abstract ideas.
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory: FORMAL-OPERATIONAL (Age & Definition)
Age range: 12 years & UP
- Thinks abstractly and engages in complex problem-solving.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory: Definition & 6-stages?
Definition: Believes personality development continues throughout life, with each stage having a psychosocial crisis to navigate.
Stages:
1. Trust vs. mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. shame
3. Identity vs. role confusion
4. Intimacy vs. isolation
5. Generativity vs. stagnation
6. Integrity vs. despair
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory: IDENTITY Vs. ROLE-CONFUSION (Age & Definition)
Age range: 12-18 years
- individuals struggle with establishing a sense of self/personal identity.
- issues at this stage involve—-difficulties making decisions and switching between social roles frequently.
Erikson’s Psychosocial theory: AUTONOMY Vs. SHAME/DOUBT (Age & Definition)
Age range: 18 mos. To 3-years
- Explore independence and self-control in an effort to develop autonomy.
- Failure at this stage results in—- shame/doubt in one’s own abilities & a lack of independence.
Erikson’s Psychosocial theory: TRUST Vs. MISTRUST (Age & Definition)
Age range: BIRTH to 18- months
- developing a sense of trust through consistent caregiving.
- failure at this stage—- develops mistrust, anxiety, & difficulty forming close relationships.
Erikson’s Psychosocial theory: INTIMACY Vs. ISOLATION (Age & Definition)
Age range: 18 to 40-years
- Focus on forming deep, committed relationships & ability to share themselves with others.
- failure at this stage—- unable to for, intimate relationships, experience isolation/loneliness, & struggles with commitment.
Erikson’s psychosocial theory: GENERATIVITY Vs. STAGNATION (Age & Definition)
Age range: 40 to 65 years
- Efforts to create/nurture.
- failure at this stage—- may experience dissatisfaction/discontentment with life due to stagnation (ex. Midlife crisis)
Erikson’s psychosocial theory: INTEGRITY Vs. DESPAIR (Age & Definition)
Age range: 65-years to death
- Reflecting on one’s life to determine meaning.
- failure at this stage—- develops a sense of regret and bitterness at missed opportunities.
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory: What & 5-stages?
What:
Belief that ppl develop through psychosexual stages from infancy to adulthood, with a focus on wants, needs, & desires.
Stages:
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Genital
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory: ORAL STAGE (Age & Definition)
Age range: birth to 1-year
- focused on oral gratification (sucking, biting, & feeding)
- unresolved leads to—- smoking, overeating, or excessive talking behaviors in adulthood.
Freud’s psychosexual theory: ANAL STAGE (Age & Definition)
Age range: 1-3 years
- Focus on toilet training & control over bodily functions.
- fixation at this stage—- obsessiveness with cleanliness OR a lack of concern for order.
Freud’s psychosexual theory: PHALLIC STAGE (Age & definition)
Age range: 3-6 years
- focus on genitalia exploration.
- fixation leads to—- boy sexually wants Mom & wants Dad dead (Oedipus complex); girl sexually wants Dad & wants Mom dead (Electra complex)
Freud’s psychosexual theory: LATENCY STAGE (Age & definition)
Age range: 6-years to Puberty.
- Focus goes from sexual to social development & Peer Relationships.
- fixation leads to—- inability to form healthy relationships & lack of maturity in adulthood.
Freud’s psychosexual theory: GENITALIA STAGE (Age & definition)
Age range: Puberty to death
- Focus on mature sexual relationships & integration of sexuality into adulthood.
- fixation at this stage—- struggle to form healthy, mature sexual relationships; potential sexual dysfunction; promiscuity; unhealthy focus on physical appearance (ex. Body dysmorphia).
ETHICS AUDIT: Definition & Main purpose?
- Helps social workers assess ethical issues systematically & comprehensively.
MAIN PURPOSE:
—- consistent with efforts to protect clients and others from harm.
INCORPORATION (defense mechanism)
Taking on traits of another to feel better or due to exposure/obsession.
DISPLACEMENT (defense mechanism)
Taking frustrations, feelings, and impulses out on others.
RATIONALIZATION (defense mechanism)
When controversial actions or feelings are being justified as seemingly rational, to make them tolerable.
COMPENSATION (defense mechanism)
Focusing on doing really well in one area to make up for doing poorly in another.
SUBLIMATION (defense mechanism)
Transforming bad actions into something socially acceptable.
SUBSTITUTION (defense mechanism)
Replacing big goals, emotions, or objectives with smaller ones that are more attainable.
CONVERSION (defense mechanism)
Physical symptoms emerging from emotional/cognitive/internal issues.
ACCULTURATION (define & 2 main goals)
- Process of cultural change occurring when 2+ cultures come into contact.
GOALS:
1. To preserve heritage/culture.
2. Facilitate productive interaction between cultural groups.
CEREBRUM (brain)
- Remembering
- Problem-solving
- Thinking
- Feeling
- Controls movement
Cerebellum (brain)
- Involuntary movement / regulates motor movement.
BRAIN STEM
- Controls automatic functions
—- breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.
Object relations
Helps to understand how lifelong relationship skills are rooted in early attachment with caregivers.
Operant conditioning
- Skinner/ mouse in a maze with shock vs. Cheese.
- explains that behaviors are likely to occur based on their consequences.
- reinforcement making behavior more likely & punishment less likely for reassurance.
- behavior is often Voluntary.
3 basic premises of symbolic interactionism?
- Humans act based on meaning things have for them.-
- The meaning of things derives from social interaction.
- Meaning is dependent on, and modified by, people’s interpretation through interaction with one another.
What are the causes of sexual dysfunction and what is the 1st step in assisting the client?
Causes:
— psychological, physical, or both.
1st step:
… Medical examination
What is the primary criteria for selecting an intervention modality?
The intervention should be supported by…
— research and professional values—- for treating the presenting problem.
When selecting any treatment/ approach with a client, what two things should the social worker always consider regarding the client?
- Self-determination
- Informed consent
Echolalia: what is it and which dsm-v diagnosis is it most associated with?
- What:
repetition of phrases, words, or parts of words (similar to mimicing) - diagnosis:
autism spectrum disorder
What is NOT tie about the dsm-v diagnosis schizophrenia ?
In the dsm-v, subtypes do not exist.
Evolutionary theory: what is it based on and its view on social change?
- Based on the idea that culture is information that affects behavior, acquired through teaching, imitation, and other social transmissions.
-believes social change occurs gradually as societies adapt and evolve, passing down cultural information / practices through generations.
How does evolutionary theory apply to social work practice?
- helps to understand how cultural norms and values have developed over time.
—-to understand how they influence behavior and social structures.
What is functionalism?
- Believes society is more than a sum of its parts.
—- that each aspect of society works together to promote stability and equilibrium. - dysfunction = social change → system trying to adapt to restore balance.
What is the application of functionalism in social work practice?
_ Functionalism perspective:
— social worker focuses en strengthening macro/messo systems to ensure social stability.
- address disruptions in systems→to restore functionality.
What is cyclical theory?
- Believes societies / social systems rise and fall in repeating cycles of growth and decline..
- social change = recurring patterns
What is the application of cyclical theory in social work?
- social workers consider how social problems / challenges follow predictable patterns.
—- identify cycles → intervene at the opportune time.
What is critical theory?
-believes positive social change will occur if we examine the underlying assumptions and structures that prevent people from understanding and engaging with the world fully.
- identifying and dismantling societal harms, power structures, and ideologies that contribute to oppression.
How does critical theory apply to social work?
- Used to empower individuals and communities to challenge societal structures that perpetuate inequality.
—- supporting efforts to create social change by addressing societal structures contributing to inequality.
What is social identity theory?
-suggests people categorize themselves / others into various social groups based on shared characteristics.
- In-group favoritism and out-group discrimination → intergroup conflicts.
Realistic → conflict theory
- Focus on how competition for limited resources → conflict between groups, resulting in hostility.
Cognitive dissonance theory
→ individuals experience discomfort with their contradictory beliefs/actions.
→→ leads to cognitive and emotional conflicts
→→→ individual wants to reduce discomfort
→→→→ changes attitude or behavior
Contact hypothesis
- intergroup conflicts can be reduced through positive / cooperative interactions between members of different groups.
→ role of contact in breaking down stereotypes and reducing prejudice.
Attribution theory
- How individuals interpret / explain causes of events.
→ blame/ responsibility can affect their reactions to conflicts.
Trauma-informed theory
_ Recognizes impact of past traumatic experiences on an individual’s current functioning/ coping abilities.
Trauma-informed interventions prioritize what 3 things in the face of adversity?
- Building trust
- Fostering empowerment
- Promoting resilience
Ecological systems theory
- Emphasizes interconnectedness between individuals and their social environments.
Solution-focused theory
> Identifying and building an individuals strengths and resources to facilitate problem-solving and achieve positive outcomes.
Family systems theory
-Views family as an interconnected unit, where an individual’s behaviors and dynamics are influenced by the family system as a whole.
