Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment Flashcards
What is Freud’s Psycho Sexual Developmental Theory?
Freud believed that personality is developed through childhood stages in which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies become centered on certain erogenenous areas. According to Freud, this psychosexual energy is the driving force behind behavior. Freud’s personality psyche divided into three parts the ID, Ego, and Superego
What does Freud’s personality psyche of the ID mean?
Unconscious level (basic impulses, sex, and aggression, seeking immediate gratification; irrational and impulsive)
What does Freud’s personality psyche of the ego mean?
Conscious level (the executive that mediates the id’s impulses and the superego’s inhibitions, testing reality, rational).
What does Freud’s personality psyche of the superego mean?
preconscious level (ideas and morals; striving for perfection; incorporated from parents; becoming a persons conscience; operates mostly at the preconscious level)
According to Freud what does ego syntonic mean?
Behaviors that are in sync with the ego (no guilt)
According to Freud what does Ego-dystonic mean?
Behaviors that are out of of the sync with ego (guilt).
What are Freud’s five stages of development?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stage
Freud believed what about personality development of a child?
He believed that the childs personality developed through 5 psychosexual stages, oral, anal phallic, latency, and genital stage. In each stage sexual energy (libido) is expressed different ways and through different parts of the body.
At what age does Freud’s Oral stage of psycho development happen?
birth to 1 year
What is the oral stage of psycho development under Freud?
the infants primary source of interaction is through the mouth. The mouth is essential for eating; the infant explores and derives pleasure from oral stimulation through sucking and tasting.
At what age does Freud’s anal stage of psycho development happen?
1 to 3 years
What is the anal stage of psycho development under Freud?
Freud believe that the primary focus on the libido (an individuals desire to engage in sexual activity) was controlling bladder and bowel movement
What is the conflict and success of the anal stage of psycho development under Freud?
The conflict in this stage is toilet training. To successfully transition to this stage the child needs to learn how to manage their bowl control.
What happens if the child receives excessive pressure from caregivers in the anal stage of psycho development under Freud?
If the child receives excessive pressure from its caregivers to toilet train, it could result in proactivity towards order and cleanliness later in life.
What happens if the child receives little pressure from caregivers in the anal stage of psycho development under Freud?
Too little pressure from parents in this stage can lead to rigidity and disordered behavior later in life.
At what age does Freud’s phallic stage of psycho development happen?
3 to 6 years
What is the phallic stage of psycho development under Freud?
The ids energy is focused on the genitals. Children become aware of their sexual orientation and gender identity during this stage.
When does the Oedipus Complex occur in Freuds Psychosexual development?
It happens during the Phallic stage
What is the Oedipus Complex in Freuds Psychosexual development
boy’s desire for mother and hostility for father; when a boy sees a naked girl for the first time, the boy believes her penis has been cut off and thinks dad will do the same thing (castration complex)
What is the Electra Complex in Freuds Psychosexual development
describes the female version of the Oedipus Complex. It involves a girl between the 3 and 6 years old, becoming subconsciously sexually attached to her father and progressively hostile towards her mother.
When does the Electra Complex occur in Freuds Psychosexual development?
It happens during the Phallic stage
At what age does Freud’s latency stage of psycho development happen?
6-puberty
What is the latency stage of psycho development under Freud?
children’s sexual feelings are dormant in this stage. During this stage children develop values, social skills, and relationships with peers and adults outside the nuclear family.
At what age does Freud’s genital stage of psycho development happen?
Puberty-Adult
What is the genital stage of psycho development under Freud?
the onset of puberty causes the libido to become active once again. During this stage individuals develop sexual interests in others,
What happens if the genital stage of psycho development under Freud is successful?
If this stage is successful the individual will be able to form intimate relationships and continue to develop into a well balanced person.
What was Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
Childrend move through four stages; sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, and cognitive.
What was the first stage Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
Sensorimotor stage
What is the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
During this stage, infants learn about the world through their sensory input (e.g., taste, touch, hearing, sight, smell) and motor actions.
What are the 2 achievements of the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
Object permanence, and causality
What is object permeance in the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
When the child recognizes that an object continues to exist even when the object cannot be seen or heard
What is an example of object permeance in the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
the game peekaboo
What happens when someone has achieved object permeance in the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
A person who has achieve object permanence understand that when you put the blanket over your face, the person still exists
What happens when someone has not achieved object permeance in the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
a person who has not achieved object permeance or the concept will think that the person has disappeared or gone away.
What is causality in the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
when a child recognizes that a specific event can cause other events
What is an example of causality in the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
a child realizes that they can use their leg to kick a ball to different spots on the soccer field.
What is the achievement of symbolic thought in the preoperational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
is the ability to use abstract concepts such as gestures, numbers, and words to represent reality.
What is an example of symbolic thought in the preoperational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
children play with dirt and pretend that they are making food. children also start to understand that they can use words to identify things such as animals, clothing items, and other objects found in everyday life.
At what age is the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
The first stage of development last from birth to 2 years.
At what age is the preoperational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
2 years-7years
What is the preoperational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
In this stage, children begin to use language, mental images and symbols to represent objects and concepts. They engage in pretend play and demonstrate egocentrism. Children during this stage engage in symbolic play and can solve problems mentally.
What is something that children learn in the preoperational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
children learn in this stage of development to engage in symbolic play and are able to reason through problems.
At what age is the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
7 to 11 years
What is the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
Children in this stage are able to think logically about concrete objects and events. They can understand concepts such as conservation (the idea that quantity does not change when the shape or arrangement of objects is altered) and classification.
What is something that children learn in the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
children are able to learn to classify and problem solve in a more sophisticated ways.
At what age is the formal operational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
11+ years
What is the formal operational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
during this stage, the adolescent or young adults can think hypothetically, abstractly, realistically. Adolescent and young adults can construct competing hypotheses about a problem and methods for testing their hypotheses.
What is a schema in Piaget’s cognitive development theory?
a cognitive framework that that aids people in organizing and interpreting information. Describes pattern of thinking and behavior that people use to interpret the world.
What is an example of a schema in Piaget’s cognitive development of theory?
when a child has learned the schema of a dog, they understand that it has four legs, fur, and a tail. At first, they may not be able to distinguish a dog from other animals with similar characteristics, but as the child’s parents provide information on the characteristics that separate dogs from other animals, they will assimilate the information into their schema of dogs.
What is assimilation in Piaget’s cognitive development theory?
the process of incorporating new information into the old schema
What is an example of assimilation in Piaget’s cognitive development theory?
The child sees a new dog that is different from his dog at home, yet the child can still identify as a dog, nonetheless.
What is accommodation in Piaget’s Cognitive development theory?
The changing or modifying of an existing schema after receiving new information.
What is an example of accommodation in Piaget’s Cognitive development theory?
a child recognizes that dogs have four legs and assumes all creatures with four legs are dogs. When the child learns that cats have four legs, as well she will go through the accommodation process in which their present schema for dogs will change and they will establish a new schema for cats
What is equilibration in Piaget’s Cognitive development theory?
entails the assimilation of knowledge to fit with a persons own current mental schemas and the accommodation of information by modifying it to their way of thinking. It encompasses both assimilation and accommodation.
What is the achievement of Animism in the preoperational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
is when a child believes that inanimate objects (such as toys and teddy bears) have human feelings and intentions.
What is an example of Animism in the preoperational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
A child believing that the sidewalk was mad and made them fall or that the stars twinkle in the sky because they are happy.
What is egocentrism in the preoperational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
the belief that everyone sees the world the same way they do.
What are the two achievements in the preoperational stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory?
symbolic thought and animism.
What are the four things that Piaget believed about his process of his cognitive development theory?
- Stages happen in the same order.
What was Erik Erikson’s though of Psychosocial development?
Erik Erikson thought that personality develops in a fixed order through 8 stages of psychosocial development from infancy to adulthood.
What did Erik Erikson believe should happen in each stage for the individual according to his theory psychosocial development?
He believed that during each stage the person experiences a psychosocial crisis that could positively or negatively affect personality development.
Why did Erikson believe that an individual experiences psychosocial crisis in his stage of development for his pyschosocial theory?
He believed that an individual experienced crisis that are psychosocial because they involve the psychological needs of the individual conflicting with the needs of society.
In Erik Erikson’s Theory of psychosocial development, what happened to the individual if they successfully completed each stage of development?
According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues.
What are Basic Virtues in Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial developmental theory?
Basic virtues are characteristic strengths that the ego can use to resolve subsequent crises.
In Erik Erikson’s Theory of psychosocial development, what happened to the individual if they did not complete each stage of development?
Failure to complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and, therefore, an unhealthier personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time.
Can an individual complete the stages of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development at a later time?
If an individual fails to complete the stages The stages, can be resolved successfully at a later time.
What is the first stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development?
Trust vs. Mistrust
What is the age that Erik Eriksons first stage of psychosocial development (Trust Vs. Mistrust) happens?
Brith to 1.5 years (or 18 months)
What is the important event that happens in the first stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development theory of Trust Vs. Mistrust?
Feeding
What happens during the first stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development of Trust Vs. Mistrust?
During this stage, the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live and looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care.
What is the positive outcome in the first stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development of Trust Vs. Mistrust?
If the caregiver is reliable, consistent, and nurturing, the child will develop a sense of trust, believing that the world is safe and that people are dependable and affectionate.
What is the negative outcome in the first stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development of Trust Vs. Mistrust?
if the caregiver fails to provide consistent, adequate care and affection, the child may develop a sense of mistrust and insecurity. This could lead to a belief in an inconsistent and unpredictable world, fostering a sense of mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety
Why is feeding a critical activity in the first stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development of Trust Vs. Mistrust?
It’s one of infants’ first and most basic ways to learn whether they can trust the world around them. It sets the stage for their perspective on the world as being either a safe, dependable place or a place where their needs may not be met.
What is an example of Trust in the first stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development of Trust Vs. Mistrust?
When the caregiver consistently responds to the child’s hunger cues, providing nourishment sensitively and reliably, the child learns that their needs will be met. This consistent, dependable care helps the child feel a sense of security and trust in the caregiver and their environment. They understand that when they have a need, such as hunger, someone will be there to provide for that need.
What is an example of Mistrust in the first stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development of Trust Vs. Mistrust?
If the caregiver is neglectful, inconsistent, or insensitive in feeding, the child may experience discomfort, distress, and hunger. These negative experiences can lead to a sense of mistrust in their environment and caregivers. They may start to believe that their needs may not be met, creating anxiety and insecurity
Success in the first stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development of Trust Vs. Mistrust will lead to the virtue of?
Hope
By devloping the virtue of Hope due to success in the first stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development of Trust Vs. Mistrust what happens to the infant?
By developing a sense of trust, the infant can have hope that as new crises arise, there is a real possibility that other people will be there as a source of support.
Failure of devloping the virtue of Hope due to success in the first stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development in Trust Vs. Mistrust what happens to the infant?
Failing to acquire the virtue of hope will lead to the development of fear. This infant will carry the basic sense of mistrust with them to other relationships. It may result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and an over-feeling mistrust in the world around them.
What is the second stage of development for Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development?
Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt
At what age does the second stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt happen?
1.5-3 years (18 month to approximately 3 years
What is the focus of the second stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt?
children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.
What happens when autonomy is reached in the second stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt?
If encouraged and supported in their increased independence, children will become more confident and secure in their ability to survive
They will feel comfortable making decisions, explore their surroundings more freely, and have a sense of self-control. Achieving this autonomy helps them feel able and capable of leading their live
What happens when shame and doubt is reached in the second stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt?
if children are overly controlled or criticized, they may begin to feel ashamed of their autonomy and doubt their abilities.
*This can lead to a lack of confidence, fear of trying new things, and a sense of inadequacy about their self-control abilities.
What is an important event in the second stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt?
Toilet Training
What would autonomy look like for toilet training in the second stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt?
When parents approach toilet training in a patient, supportive manner, allowing the child to learn at their own pace, the child may feel a sense of accomplishment and autonomy.
*They understand they have control over their own bodies and can take responsibility for their actions. This boosts their confidence, instilling a sense of autonomy and a belief in their ability to manage personal tasks.
What would shame and doubt look like for toilet training in the second stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt?
if the process is rushed, if there’s too much pressure, or if parents respond with anger or disappointment to accidents, the child may feel shame and start doubting their abilities.
They may feel bad about their mistakes, and this can lead to feelings of shame, self-doubt, and a lack of confidence in their autonomy
What does Erikson believe about failure in the second stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt?
Erikson states parents must allow their children to explore the limits of their abilities within an encouraging environment that is tolerant of failure.
What is the virtue of success in the second stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt?
virtue of will
What is the virtue of will in the success in the second stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt?
If children in this stage are encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world. The infant develops a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.
What happens when an individual has failure in the second stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt?
Suppose children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves. In that case, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, and may then become overly dependent upon others, lack, and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their abilities.
What is the third stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development?
Initiative vs. Guilt
What is the age range of the third stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Initiative vs. Guilt?
3 to 5 years
What happens during the third stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Initiative vs. Guilt?
children assert themselves more frequently through directing play and other social interaction.
What happens when initiative is met during the third stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Initiative vs. Guilt?
When caregivers encourage and support children to take the initiative, they can start planning activities, accomplish tasks, and face challenges. The children will learn to take the initiative and assert control over their environment. They can begin to think for themselves, formulate plans, and execute them, which helps foster a sense of purpose.
What happens when guilt is met during the third stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Initiative vs. Guilt?
If caregivers discourage the pursuit of independent activities or dismiss or criticize their efforts, children may feel guilty about their desires and initiatives. This could potentially lead to feelings of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative.
What is the virtue of success in the third stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Initiative vs. Guilt?
virtue of purpose
What happens when failure is reached during the third stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Initiative vs. Guilt?
either through criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt. The child will often overstep the mark in his forcefulness, and the danger is that the parents will tend to punish the child and restrict his initiative too much.
What do children tend to do due to failure and what do parents do in the third stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Initiative vs. Guilt
child will begin to ask many questions as the child thirst for knowledge grows.
the parents treat the child’s questions as trivial, a nuisance, or embarrassing or other aspects of their behavior as threatening, the child may feel guilty for “being a nuisance.” Too much guilt can slow the child’s interaction with others and may inhibit their creativity
What is the important event in the third stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Initiative vs. Guilt?
Exploration
What is the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development?
Industry (competence) Vs. Inferiority
What is the age range for the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development of industry (competence) vs. inferiority?
childhood between the ages of five and twelve
What happens to children during the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development of industry (competence) vs. inferiority?
children start to compare themselves with their peers to gauge their abilities and worth.
What is industry in the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development of industry (competence) vs. inferiority?
If children are encouraged by parents and teachers to develop skills, they gain a sense of industry—a feeling of competence and belief in their skills.
What is an example of industry in the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development of industry (competence) vs. inferiority?
They start learning to work and cooperate with others and begin to understand that they can use their skills to complete tasks. This leads to a sense of confidence in their ability to achieve goals
What is inferiority in the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development of industry (competence) vs. inferiority?
if children receive negative feedback or are not allowed to demonstrate their skills, they may develop a sense of inferiority.
What happens when a child experiences inferiority in the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development of industry (competence) vs. inferiority?
They may start to feel that they aren’t as good as their peers or that their efforts aren’t valued, leading to a lack of self-confidence and a feeling of inadequacy.
Success of the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development of industry (competence) vs. inferiority leads to what virtue?
virtue of competence
What is an example of Success in the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development of industry (competence) vs. inferiority?
If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious and confident in their ability to achieve goals.
What is an example of failure in the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development of industry (competence) vs. inferiority?
If competence is not encouraged, if parents or teacher restricts it, then the child begins to feel inferior, doubting his own abilities, and therefore may not reach his or her potential.
What is the important event in the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development of industry (competence) vs. inferiority?
school
What is the fifth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development?
identity vs. role confusion
What is the age range for fifth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Identity VS. Role Confusion)?
12-18 years old
What happens during the fifth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Identity VS. Role Confusion)?
During this stage, adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals.
What is the important event in the fifth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Identity VS. Role Confusion)?
social relationships
What happens if identity is reached in the fifth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Identity VS. Role Confusion)?
If adolescents are supported in their exploration and given the freedom to explore different roles, they are likely to emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. This process involves exploring their interests, values, and goals, which helps them form their own unique identity.
What happens when Role confusion is reached in the fifth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Identity VS. Role Confusion)?
If adolescents are restricted and not given the space to explore or find the process too overwhelming or distressing, they may experience role confusion. This could mean being unsure about one’s place in the world, values, and future direction. They may struggle to identify their purpose or path, leading to confusion about their personal identity.
What happens to the body image of the adolescent in the fifth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Identity VS. Role Confusion)?
the body image of the adolescent changes. Erikson claims that adolescents may feel uncomfortable about their bodies until they can adapt and “grow into” the changes.
If success is reached in the fifth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Identity VS. Role Confusion) what is the virtue?
fidelity
What is fidelity in the fifth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Identity VS. Role Confusion) what is the virtue?
Fidelity involves being able to commit one’s self to others on the basis of accepting others, even when there may be ideological differences. During this period, they explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based on the outcome of their explorations. Adolescents who establish a strong sense of identity can maintain consistent loyalties and values, even amidst societal shifts and changes.
What is the sixth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development
Intimacy vs isolation
At what age does the sixth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Intimacy vs. isolation) take place?
young adulthood (18 to 40 years)
What happens in the sixth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Intimacy vs. isolation) ?
the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people
What is intimacy in the sixth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Intimacy vs. isolation) ?
. Intimacy involves the ability to be open and share oneself with others, as well as the willingness to commit to relationships and make personal sacrifices for the sake of these relationships.
What happens to an individual who successfully navigates intimacy in the sixth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Intimacy vs. isolation) ?
are able to form intimate, reciprocal relationships with others. They can form close bonds and are comfortable with mutual dependency.
What is isolation in the sixth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Intimacy vs. isolation) ?
Isolation refers to the inability to form meaningful, intimate relationships with others. This could lead to feelings of loneliness, alienation, and exclusion.
What happens when an individual reaches isolation in the sixth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Intimacy vs. isolation) ?
If individuals struggle to form these close relationships, perhaps due to earlier unresolved identity crises or fear of rejection, they may experience isolation
Successfully navigating the sixth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Intimacy vs. isolation) ? leads to the virtue of?
Love
Individuals who develop the virtue of love in the sixth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Intimacy vs. isolation) have…
have the ability to form deep and committed relationships based on mutual trust and respect. During this stage, we begin to share ourselves more intimately with others. We explore relationships leading toward longer-term commitments with someone other than a family member
Successful completion in the sixth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Intimacy vs. isolation) results in?
result in happy relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship.
What happens to an individual when failure is reached in the sixth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Intimacy vs. isolation)?
they are unable to form close relationships, they may feel isolated and alone. This could potentially lead to a sense of disconnection and estrangement in adulthood. Avoiding intimacy and fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression.
What is the important of event in the sixth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Intimacy vs. isolation)?
relationships
What is the seventh stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development?
Generativity Vs. Stagnation
What age does the seventh stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Generativity vs. Stagnation) happen?
during middle adulthood (ages 40- 65 years)
What happens during the seventh stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Generativity vs. Stagnation)?
individuals focus more on building their lives, primarily through their careers, families, and contributions to society
What is the important event of the seventh stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Generativity vs. Stagnation)?
work and parenting
What is Generativity in the seventh stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Generativity vs. Stagnation)?
the seventh stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Generativity vs. Stagnation)?
What happens to an individual when they feel they have reached Generativity in the seventh stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Generativity vs. Stagnation)?
individuals feel they are making valuable contributions to the world, for instance, through raising children or contributing to positive changes in society, they will feel a sense of generativity.
What is stagnation in the seventh stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Generativity vs. Stagnation)?
Stagnation involves feeling unproductive and uninvolved, leading to self-absorption, lack of growth, and feelings of emptiness.
What happens to an individual when they feel they have reached stagnation in the seventh stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Generativity vs. Stagnation)?
individuals feel they are not making a positive impact or are not involved in productive or creative tasks, they may experience stagnation.
Successfully navigating the seventh stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Generativity vs. Stagnation) leads to the virtue of?
care
What happens to Individuals who develop the virtue of care in the seventh stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Generativity vs. Stagnation)?
feel a sense of contribution to the world, typically through family and work, and feel satisfied that they are making a difference.
What happens to an individual when they fail to reach the success in the seventh stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (Generativity vs. Stagnation)?
while failure results in shallow involvement in the world. Individuals become stagnant and feel unproductive by failing to find a way to contribute. These individuals may feel disconnected or uninvolved with their community and with society as a whole. This could potentially lead to feelings of restlessness and unproductiveness in later life.
What is the eighth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development?
Ego Integrity Vs. Despair
What is the important event of eighth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (ego integrity vs. despair)?
reflecting on life
What age does the eighth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (ego integrity vs. despair) happen?
begins at approximately age 65 and ends at death
What is the eighth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (ego integrity vs. despair)?
It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and can develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life.
What is Ego Integrity in the eighth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (ego integrity vs. despair)?
This is characterized by a sense of acceptance of their life as it was, the ability to find coherence and purpose in their experiences, and a sense of wisdom and fulfillment.
What happens to an individual when they have reached ego integrity in the eighth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (ego integrity vs. despair)?
individuals feel they have lived a fulfilling and meaningful life, they will experience ego integrity.
What is despair in in the eighth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (ego integrity vs. despair)?
Despair involves feelings of regret, bitterness, and disappointment with one’s life, and a fear of impending death.
What happens to an individual when they have reached despair in the eighth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (ego integrity vs. despair)?
individuals feel regretful about their past, feel they have made poor decisions, or believe they’ve failed to achieve their life goals, they may experience despair.
Success in the eighth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (ego integrity vs. despair) leads to the virtue of?
wisdom
What is wisdom in the eighth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (ego integrity vs. despair)?
Wisdom enables a person to look back on their life with a sense of closure and completeness, and also accept death without fear.
Individuals who do not reach success in the eighth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development (ego integrity vs. despair) feel?
feel guilt about our past, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness. This could potentially lead to feelings of fear and dread about their mortality.
What was Kohlberg’s theory of moral development for children?
Moral development is the process by which people develop the distinction between right and wrong (morality) and engage in reasoning between the two (moral reasoning).`
What are the three main levels of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
pre-conventional, conventional, and postconventional.
Does everyone progress through the three stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
that not everyone achieves all the stages of moral development.
What age does level 1 preconventional morality happen in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Elementary school level before age 9
What happens during level 1 preconventional morality in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
During this stage, children’s decisions are mainly influenced by the expectations of adults and the consequences of rule-breaking.
Main focus obedience and punishment
What does the child learn in stage 1 of level 1 preconventional morality in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
The child obeys authority figures to avoid punishment
What does the child learn in stage 2 of level 1 preconventional morality happen in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Behavior is driven by self interest and rewards. The child acts accounting to their best interest and conforms to rules to receive praise and rewards.
Focus is individual interest
What age does level 2 conventional morality happen in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Early adolensce
What happens during Level 2 of the conventional morality happen in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
At the conventional level, conformity to social rules remains important to the individual. However, the emphasis shifts from self-interest to relationships with other people and social systems. The individual strives to support rules that are set forth by others such as parents, peers, and the government in order to win their approval or to maintain social order.
What happens to the individual in stage 3 during Level 2 of the conventional morality happen in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Behavior is determined by social approval. The individual wants to maintain or win the affection and approval of others by being a “good person.”
focus interpersonal
What happens to the individual in stage 4 during Level 2 of the conventional morality happen in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Obeys laws and fulfills obligation and duties to maintain the social order. Social rules and laws determine behavior. Individuals now consider a broader perspective, taking into account societal laws.
Behavior driven by Authority
At what age does level 3 postconventional morality happen in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Adult
Does everyone reach level 3 postconventional morality in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
No
What happens to individuals in Level 3 postconventional morality of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
the individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society.
behavior is driven by balance of social order and individual right
What is morality in Level 3 postconventional morality of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies. The individual attempts to take the perspective of all individual.
What happens to the individuals development in stage 5 of Level 3 postconventional morality of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Genuine interest in the welfare of others; concerned with individual rights and being morally right.
Social contract: rules and regulations are there for a reason
What happens to the individuals development in stage 6 of Level 3 postconventional morality of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Guided by individual principles based on broad, universal ethical principles. Concern for larger universal issues of morality
Behavior is focused on universal ethics which is driven by internal moral principles
When do separation and individuation occur in the stages of development in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
separation and individuation occur when developmental phases are completed successfully in the first three years of life.
What is individuation in the stages of development in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
Individuation refers to a developing self concept
What is separation in the stages of development in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
separation refers to an internal process of mental separation from the mother.
What are the three sub phases of individuation in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
- Normal autistic phase
- Symbiotic phase
- Separation-individuation phase
What age does the normal autistic phase happen in the sub phase of individuation in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
Birth to 1 month old
What is the normal autistic phase happen in the sub phase of individuation in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
During this phase, the infant is detached and self absorbed. Spends most of their time sleeping and focusing purely on themselves and are unresponsive to external stimuli.
What age does the symbiotic phase happen in the sub phase of individuation in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
1 month- 5 months
What is the symbiotic phase in the sub phase of individuation in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
during this phase, the infant gains awareness of their moth but has not sense of individuality.
What age does the separation individuation phase happen in the sub phase of individuation in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
5 months to 3 years
What happens in separation in the separation-individuation phase in the sub phase of individuation in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
during separation the infant begins to understand the boundaries of self, and they start to see their mother as a separate individual.
What happens in individuation in the separation-individuation phase in the sub phase of individuation in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
during individuation, the child develops a sense of identity and cognitive abilities.
What are the four substages in the separation-individuation phase in the sub phase of individuation in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
- Differentiation/Hatching substage
- Practicing Substage
- Rapprochement Substage
- Object Constancy Substage
What age does Differentiation/Hatching substage in the separation-individuation phase in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
5 months to 9 months
What awareness is gained by children in the Differentiation/Hatching substage in the separation-individuation phase in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
infants gain awareness that they are separate from their mother- the infants attention shifts from inward to outward.
What action happens by children in the Differentiation/Hatching substage in the separation-individuation phase in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
attention shifts from inward focus to outward focus. infant begins to separate from caregiver by crawling.
What age does Practicing substage happen in the separation-individuation phase in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
9 months to 14 months
What awareness is gained by children in the practicing substage of the separation-individuation phase in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
infants continue to separate from caretaker
What action happens by children in the practicing substage of the separation-individuation phase in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
infant crawls and walks freely, explores actively and distances from mother. often looks for mom to feel safe. Mother serves as a point of reference or home base.
What age does the rapprochement substage happen in the separation-individuation phase in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
14 months to 24 months
What awareness is gained by children in the rapprochement substage, that happen in the separation-individuation phase in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
infants want to act independently.
What action is gained by children in the rapprochement substage that happens in the separation-individuation phase in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
infant desires to be independent. infant moves away from mother and returns regularly to make sure she is still present.
What age does the object constancy substage happen in the separation-individuation phase in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
24months to 3 years
What awareness is gained by children in the object constancy substage that happens in the separation-individuation phase in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
infant understands that caregiver will return
What action is gained by children in the object constancy substage that happens in the separation-individuation phase in Margaret Mahler Separation- Individuation Theory of Child Development
the infant can cope with the absence of their mother/caregivers (during school/daycare, etc.) Child sees their mother as a separate individual from themselves
How many tiers are in Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?
5 tiers
What are the D-needs in Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
- physiological needs (food, water, rest, warmth)
- safety (security)
-belongingness and love needs (relationships, friends, intimate) - Esteem (prestige and feeling of accomplishment)
What is the meaning of D-needs (deficiency needs) in Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?
These are needs you develop due to deprivation. They include physiological, security, social, and esteem needs. You have to meet these needs to avoid unpleasant results.
What are the growth needs (B-needs, being needs) in Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?
self actualization (achieving one’s full potential)
What is the meaning of B-needs (being needs) in Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?
B-needs are driven by a desire for personal growth and self-actualization, or “full humanness”. They include: Contributing to others, Pursuing meaningful moments, and Making a helpful impact within your community
When a social work answers a question on the LMSW test about Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs the social worker should meet clients where in regards to their needs?
The social worker should meet the client where they are.
A social worker should address which needs first with a client involving Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Address basic needs first
What is an example of addressing basic needs first with a client involving Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?
physiological needs should be met before safety needs and so on
When working with a community social workers should do what in regards to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Conduct a needs assessment
If a client is referred to therapy and has safety needs what should the social work do first in regards to Maslow Hierarchy of needs?
address the safety needs first.
What is true about individual basic needs before higher needs can be addressed in regards to Maslow Hierarchy of needs?
That the basic needs of an individual must be met before higher needs can be addressed
Who developed the attachment theory?
John Bowlby
What did John Bowlby believe about children and caregivers in regards to his attachment theory?
he believed that the earliest bonds formed between a parent and a child have tremendous impacts throughout life
What are the caregivers behaviors in a secure attachment type according to John Bowlby’s attachment theory?
React quickly and positively to child needs
What are the Childs behaviors in a secure attachment type according to John Bowlby’s attachment theory?
- distress when caregiver leaves
-happy when caregiver returns
-seek comfort from caregiver when feeling scared or sad.
What are the caregivers behaviors in a insecure avoidant attachment type according to John Bowlby’s attachment theory?
unresponsive, uncaring, and dismissive
What are the Childs behaviors in a insecure avoidant attachment type according to John Bowlby’s attachment theory?
- no distress when caregiver leaves
- does not acknowledge return of caregiver
- does not seek or make contact with caregiver
What are the caregivers behaviors in a insecure ambivalent attachment type according to John Bowlby’s attachment theory?
- response to child is inconsistent
What are the childs behaviors in a insecure ambivalent attachment type according to John Bowlby’s attachment theory?
-distress when caregiver leaves
-not comforted by return of caregiver
What are the caregivers behaviors in a insecure disorganized attachment type according to John Bowlby’s attachment theory?
behavior by caregiver is unpredictable
What are the childs behaviors in a insecure disorganized attachment type according to John Bowlby’s attachment theory?
- no attachment behaviors
-often dazed, confused, or apprehensive in presence of caregiver
Attachment is crucial in what year of life according to John Bowlby’s attachment theory?
1st year of life
What is the family life cycle
- Families go through several emotional and intellectual stages that make up the family life cycle
- every stage of life presents obstacles to individual that allow them to develop or learn new abilities.
Does every individual pass through the family life cycle smoothly?
No, not every individual will pass through these stages smoothly.
What life situations can affect how an individual passes through the stages of the family life cycle?
- loss of employment
- financial problems
-severe illness - death of a loved one
What are the 5 stages of the family life cycle
- Independence
- Marriage
- Parenting (infancy through adolescence)
- Launching adult children
- Retirement or senior year
What is the first stage of the family life cycle?
Independence
What happens to the individual in the first stage of independence in the family life cycle
- Individual separates emotionally from family
- individual learns to see themselves as a separate person in relation to their nuclear family
- focus on career and work
- selects a partner
What is the second stage of the family life cycle?
Marriage
What happens to the individual in the second stage of marriage in the family life cycle
-Developing a way to live together
- transitioning into the new family system (in-laws etc.)
Adjusting relationships with family and friends to include partners
What is stage 3 of the family life cycle?
Parenting (infancy through adolescence)
What happens to the individual in the third stage of parenting in the family life cycle?
- Talking on parenting roles
- Modify the marital system to make space for children
- realigning relationships with extended family to include parenting and grandparenting roles.
What is the fourth stage of the family life cycle?
Launching adult children
What happens to the individual in the fourth stage of parenting in the family life cycle?
-Refocusing on marital relationship without children
- Developing relationships with grown children
-resolving midlife issues
What is the 5th stage of the family life cycle?
Retirements or senior years
What happens to the individual in the fifth stage of parenting in the family life cycle?
-coping with physiological decline
-providing emotional support to adult children and extended family members
- dealing with the loss of a partner or family member and preparing for the end of life.
Who first introduced the concept of parenting styles?
Diane Baumrind
What is the concept or explanation of Diane Baumrind parenting style
to explain differences in how parents’ control and socialize their children their children.
What are the four types of parenting styles?
- authoritative
-authoritarian - permissive
-neglectful (uninvolved)
What are the characteristics of an authoritative parent?
- high parental control
- inadequate parental response
-expect blind obedience by citing justifications like (because I said so) - use rigid boundaries
-only permit one way communication
-often interpret the childs attempts to reason with them as back talk - high in demandingness
- low in responsiveness
What is a memory trick to remember authoritarian parenting
IAN is a strict and cold Father
Children of authoritarian parents tend to :
-have an unhappy disposition
-be less independent
-appear insecure
- possess low self-esteem
-exhibit more behavioral problems or conduct issues
- experience more temper tantrums
-have a poor academic performance
-have poor social competence
- are prone to internalizing mental issues and behavior
-are more likely to have substance abuse problems
-have poor coping skills.
What are the characteristics of an authoritative parent?
-have high standards for accomplishments and maturity
- can be friendly and accommodating
-establish standards and uphold boundaries through open dialogue, advice, and rational justification
-high in demandingness
high in responsiveness
What is a memory trick to remember authoritative parenting
High five
Children of authoritative parents tend to?
-appear happy and content
-are more independent
-more active
-achieve higher academic performance
-develop good self-esteem
-interact with peers using competent social skills
-have a healthy mental health (low levels of anxiety, suicide attempts, depression, delinquency, and substancewe use).
What are the characteristics of a permissive parent?
-establish poor boundaries
-unwilling to set limits
-do not enjoy turning down the requests from their children or disappointing them
-low in demandingness
-high in responsiveness
Children of permissive parents tend to?
-have difficulty following rules
- lower self-control
- possess egocentric (thinking of oneself) tendencies
- more problems ins social interactions and relationships
What are the characteristics of an uninvolved (neglectful) parent?
-do not establish clear limits or expectations for their children
-have no regard for the needs of their children
act impartially in their life
-may have their own personal issues such as depression, physical abuse, or child neglect when they were children
Children of uninvolved (neglectful) parents tend to?
-increased impulsivity
-difficulties with self-regulating emotions
-increased delinquent behavior and substance abuse problems
What does PIE theory stand for?
Person in environment
What is the PIE (person in environment) theory?
practice guiding theory that contends a persons behavior can be broadly understood by look at the environment in which they live
A PIE (person in environment) assessment evaluates each person in the context of
Their connection to community supports, social supports, family, culture, and faith.
What is homeostasis in family systems theory?
When influenced by change the system will react in ways that bring it back into a balanced state
What is negative feedback in family systems theory?
As a family system reacts negative feedback helps bring the family back into balance and maintain homeostasis?
Negative feedback creates what in family systems theory?
Constancy
What is an example of negative feedback?
if a woman wants to leave her young child at daycare and return to the workforce, her fear of family disapproval may be enough incentive to change her mind.
What is positive feedback in family systems theory?
positive feedback pushes the family into changes and causes the family to deviate from its previous state of homeostasis
What does positive feedback promote in family system theory?
Change
What is an example of positive feedback in family systems theory?
if a mother decides to return to the workforce, the family will have to undergo changes that would disrupt the families homeostasis
What is entropy in systems theory?
this is the natural tendency to move towards disorder and disorganization
What is equifinality in system theory?
the principle suggest that the same results can be reached from many potential means
What is emotional development of children?
development of social and emotional skills to increase self awareness and self regulation
What are examples of skills developed in emotional development for children?
the ability to pay attention, make transitions from one activity to another, and cooperate with others
What is the meaning of nature in cognitive development in children
clients innate qualities
What is the meaning of nurture in cognitive development?
how individual perceives information based off his or her own experiences.
What are the six levels of cognition in cognitive development of individuals?
- knowledge
- Comprehension
- application
- analysis
- synthesis
- evaluation
What is the meaning for level 1: knowledge in the cognitive development of individuals?
an individual is able to learn to memorize, develop recognition, or recall of facts
What is the meaning for level 2: comprehension in the cognitive development of individuals?
an individual begins to understand what the facts mean
What is the meaning for level 3: application in the cognitive development of individuals?
an individual is able to use correct of use of facts, rules, or ideas
What is the meaning for level 4: analysis in the cognitive development of individuals?
an individual is able to break down information into component parts
What is the meaning for level 5: synthesis in the cognitive development of individuals?
an individual is able have a combination of facts, ideas, or information to make a new whole
What is the meaning for level 6: evaluation in the cognitive development of individuals?
an individual is able to start judging or forming an opinion about the information or situation
What are the three domains of cognitive development in the six levels of cognition?
- cognitive (mental skills, knowledge)
- affective (growing in feelings or emotions areas, attitude or self)
- psychomotor (manual or physical skills)
