Human development: A cultural approach Flashcards
What happened in recent human history to cause the population to rise so dramatically?
The elimination or sharp reduction of deadly diseases like smallpox, typhus, diphtheria and cholera.
Global population milestones
1650 - 500 million
1800 - 1 billion
1930 - 2 billion
1999 - 6 billion
2011 - 7 billion
2022 - 8 billion
What will be the peak of the global population?
9.73 billion in 2064, then decline to 8.79 billion by 2100.
Current worldwide TFR
2.5, 2.1 is the replacement rate of a stable population, should be reached by 2050.
Australia’s TFR
1.7. 1.8 for New Zealand and 2.3 for Oceania.
Developed vs developing countries growth
The developed countries’ (20%, 1.3 billion) population will decline and the developing countries (80%, 6.3 billion) will increase. This is due to the TFR below the replacement rate in developed countries.
Nearly all developed countries except Australia and USA will reduce in population, steepest decline in Japan due to a low fertility rate and virtually no immigration, from 125 million to 97 million in 2050.
Australia and the USA (Canada and UK too) allow more legal migration than other countries, explaining reduced decline or even increase in population.
Worst poverty
Southern Africa is the poorest region in the world, half the population are in the bottom 20% of global income. This contrasts with the developed countries, where 9 in 10 people are in the top 20% of the global income.
About 40% of the world’s population live on less than US$2 per day, and 80% of the world’s population live on a family income of less than US$6,000 per year.
Education between developed and developing countries
In developed countries, virtually all children obtain primary and secondary education, and about 50% go on to tertiary education.
However, in developing countries about 20% of children do not complete primary school and only about half are enrolled in secondary school, university and other tertiary education are only for the wealthy elite.
Cultural differences
Although each country has some balance between individualistic and collectivistic values, Western developed countries tend to be based on individualistic values such as independence and self-expression. In contrast, developing countries tend to prize collectivistic values such as obedience and group harmony.
Differences within a country
There is a larger difference between rural and urban populations in developing countries compared to developed countries. The same is true for SES. There is still a difference within developed countries, for example, infant mortality rates are double for Indigenous peoples in Australia (6.2 to 3.2 per 1,000 live births).
Between now and 2050, the increase in the USA will be nearly entirely caused by?
Immigration
If you lived in a rural area of a developing country with a family that adheres to historical traditions of the culture, you live in a?
Traditional culture
Socio economic status measures?
Income, educational and occupational levels.
When did human evolution begin?
Humans, chimpanzees and gorillas had a common primate ancestor until 6–8 million years ago. By 200,000 years ago, the early hominin species had evolved into our species, Homo sapiens.
Changes from Hominid to Homo Sapien evolution
Larger brains (200%) (440 cc to 1000cc to over 1300 cc), wider pelvis in females, longer dependency in infants, development of tools and control of fire. Smaller teeth possibly due to the ability to cook food.
Migration of Homo Sapiens
Migrated out of Africa between 125,000 and 60,000 years ago. May have lived in the Arctic at least 45,000 years ago. Gradually replaced other hominin species.
Major periods of development for the human species
Upper Paleolithic period - 50,000 to 10,000 years ago.
Neolithic period - 10,000 to 5,000 years ago.
Civilisation - 5,000 years ago to present.
Timeline of key developments
50,000 years ago - Humans reach Australia
39,900 years ago - Cave art in Indonesia and Spain
35,000 years ago - Cave paintings in southwestern France
30,000 years ago - Humans first reach Japan
27,000 years ago - First sculptures
12,000 years ago - Dogs domesticated
10,000 years ago - Humans begin to migrate to the Americas
9,000 years ago - Goats and sheep domesticated
8,000 years ago - Cattle and pigs domesticated. First plants also (wheat, oats, and lentils).
6,000 years ago - Horses domesticated
5,000 years ago - First civilisations in Egypt and Sumer
4,500 years ago - Civilisation develops in India
4,000 years ago - Chickens domesticated
3,700 years ago - Civilisation develops in China
3,000 years ago - First writing in, Egypt and Sumer. Civilisation develops in southern Africa
2,200 years ago- Civilisation develops in South America
Important changes in the Upper Paleolithic
Art appeared: musical instruments; paintings on cave walls; small ivory beads attached to clothes; decorative objects made from bone, antler or shell; and human and animal figures carved from ivory or sculpted from clay.
Humans began to bury the dead, sometimes with art. Trade took place, rapid acceleration in the development of tools, boats were invented, cultural differences were developed.
Important changes in the Neolithic
Humans cultivated plants and domesticated animals. Climate change was a major factor for this change. The Upper Palaeolithic was the time of the last Ice Age, when average global temperatures were about 10 degrees Celsius below today’s temperatures. Glaciers covered Europe as far south as present-day Berlin, and North America as far south as what is now Chicago.
Important changes in development of civilisations
The characteristics that mark civilisation include cities, writing, specialisation into different kinds of work, differences among people in wealth and status, and a centralised political system known as a state.
Freaud’s Psychosexual theory of human development
Sexual desire is the driving force of behaviour. Arises from the id operating on the pleasure principle. Adults teach children to develop a conscious or superego operating on the morality principle. An ego also develops that mediates the id and superego and operates on the reality principle. Most development is determined by age 6.
Freud’s Psychosexual stages
Infancy: Oral - Sexual sensations centred on the mouth; pleasure derived from sucking, chewing, biting
1.5 to to 3 years: Anal - Sexual sensations centred on the anus; high interest in faeces; pleasure derived from elimination
3 to 6 years: Phallic - Sexual sensations move to genitals; sexual desire for other-sex parent and fear of same-sex parent. Oedipus complex.
6 until puberty: Latency - Sexual desires repressed; focus on developing social and cognitive skills
Puberty onwards: Genital - Re-emergence of sexual desire, now directed outside the family
Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development
Infancy: trust vs mistrust - to establish a bond with caregiver.
Toddlerhood: autonomy vs shame and doubt - to develop a healthy sense of self as distinct from others.
Early childhood: initiative vs guilt - to initiate activities in a purposeful way.
Middle childhood: industry vs inferiority - to begin to learn knowledge and skills of one’s culture.
Adolescence: identity vs role confusion - to develop a secure and coherent identity.
Early adulthood: intimacy vs isolation - to establish a committed, long-term love relationship.
Middle adulthood: generativity vs stagnation - to care for others and contribute to the wellbeing of the young.
Late adulthood: ego integrity vs despair - to evaluate one’s lifetime and accept it as it is.
