Human Development Flashcards
zone of proximal development
a situation in which the student is asked to build upon prior learning and has a reasonable chance to solve the problem with some assistance
ie. can already solve one variable equations now is asked to solve multi variable equations
scaffolding
- -providing children with help from more competent peers or adults
- techniques include: clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking the problems into steps, providing examples, anything that helps a student develop learning independence
constructivism
learning is a constant assimilation of new knowledge and experiences into each students unique worldview
– CCSS emphasizes show don’t tell teaching ideal,
Bloom’s Taxonomy
knowledge comprehension application analysis synthesis evaluation
Bloom’s taxonomy
affective domain
includes class participation (ie. listening as well as speaking defending positions and recognizing opinions of other)
Bloom’s taxonomy
psychomotor domain
abilities related to physical prowess ranging from reflexes through basic motions such as catching and throwing a ball to skilled motions such as playing tennis or piano
– the ability to communicate through motion (dancing or miming)
Erickson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development
Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. Doubt Initiative vs. guilt industry vs. inferiority identity vs. role confusion
Erickson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development
autonomy vs. doubt
18mo - 3 years
kids learn the mechanical basis of controlling their world
kids want to become independent and rely on their support system
parents need to be supportive of the children’s needs so they can come out of this stage proud rather than ashamed
Erickson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development
initiative vs. guilt
3-6 years
-kids start wanting to do things
it is important for them to feel like their activities are important and valued by adults
Erickson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development
industry vs. inferitory
6-12 years
children are expected to learn and produce
- parental influences decreases (teachers and peers become more important
- success = high self esteem
- failure or perception of failures = low self esteem
Erickson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development
identity vs. role confusion
12 - 18 years
- asking the question who am I
- teens rebel
- acceptance by peer group is really important
Kohlber’s Stage Theory of Moral Development
Level 1: preconventional moral reasoning (elementary school)
rules are created by others
primarily concerned with self interest
Kohlber’s Stage Theory of Moral Development
Level 1: preconventional moral reasoning (elementary school)
Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation
- obey rules because they are rules and there is punishment by breaking them
- action is good or bad in terms of immediate consequences
Kohlber’s Stage Theory of Moral Development
Level 1: preconventional moral reasoning (elementary school)
Stage 2: instrumental relativist orientation
- realize following rules is generally in their best interest
- action is good or bad if it gets you what you want
- this stage is need based driven and actions are ego driven or self need
Kohlber’s Stage Theory of Moral Development
Level 2: conventional moral reasoning (JH –> Highschool)
Most of society stays at this level
judgment is based on tradition and others expectations and lesson consequences
Kohlber’s Stage Theory of Moral Development
Level 2: conventional moral reasoning (JH –> Highschool)
Stage 3: Good boy/girl orientation
- an action is right or good if it s helps pleases or is approved by others
Kohlber’s Stage Theory of Moral Development
Level 2: conventional moral reasoning (JH –> Highschool)
Stage 4:Law and order orientation
an action is right or good if its expected out of a sense of duty to be it supports the morals or laws of the community or county
Level 3:
Stages 5 and 6
people determine their own values and ethics
Multiple Intelligences
- logical mathematical
- linguistically intelligent
- musical
- spatial
- naturalist
- body kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- interpersonal
- existential
the 5 stages of physical development
Infancy
childhood
adolesence
adulthood
the 5 stages of physical development
infancy 0-3
- rapid physical growth
- a dramatic change in height and weight ratios
- involuntary reflexes and reactions (eg. grasping)
- by the end of this stage, children should be able to crawl, walk, sit independently and grab smaller objects
the 5 stages of physical development
childhood 3-12
- play becomes more physically interactive
- continue to improve their motor control by running, jumping and catchingg balls
- start to develop fine motor skills
the 5 stages of physical development
adolescence 12-18years
- the second stage of rapid growth
- shed baby fat and stretch in height
- both fine and gross motor should be mastered
- usually aware of their physical capabilities and limitations
- maintain physical activity for a longer period of time since their lungs and hears also grow quickly during
Thorndikes Laws
Law of effect
law of readiness
law of exercise
Thorndikes Laws
Law of effect
- an action that produces a positive result is likely to be repeated
- trained bx using an emotional respose
- a child who is recognized for achievement continues to show interest in the subject area
Thorndikes Law
law of readiness
- many actions can be performed in sequence to produce a desired effect
- (focuses on the effect of a student who is more ready to learn and the influence of having an intrinsic motivation to learn)
Thorndikes Law
law of exercise
- actions that are repeated frequently become stronger
- builds confidence, but it does not necessarily lead to further learning
(repeating a task does not establish new equilibrium)
Deficiency Needs
basic requirement for physical and psychosocial well being. You don’t think about them unless you lack them
Physioligcal needs
safety needs
belongingness and love needs
esteem needs
Growth needs
- include the need for knowing, appreciating and understanding
- people try to meet these needs only after their basic needs have been met
- meeting these needs creates more desire for their their basic needs having been met
cognitive needs
aesthetic needs
self-actualization needs
Skinner– operant
behavior that leads to the positive reinforcer
Bandura’s Concet of reinforcer
people learn behavior by watching others, trying the behavior themselves and deciding whether the behaviorr or detrimental
Ausbel’s Advance Organizers
- advance organizers are the structures (aka scaffolding and support) and info that students will need to learn new material
Ausbel’s Advance Organizers
comparative organizer
- relates previously mastered to the material that’s about to be presented
Ausbel’s Advance Organizers
Expository organizer
- new idea or concept that needs to e understood before specific lesson can be understood
Genetic influences on physical development
- race or ethnicity
- gender
- physical disability
- other genetics that lead to difference in hair color, eyesight
Environmental Influences
- culture
- socio-economic background
- family structure
- lifestyle, such as active or non active
