Human Development Flashcards by Lisa Christoferson

Margaret Mahler - Object Relations
Disengagement from mother with creeping; frequent return for refueling.
-Height of narcissism; runs away from mother, anticipates she will reengage.

7 to 18 months.

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Freud Structural Theory:

Moderates conflict between drives and internalized prohibitions.

Ego

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Erikson 8 Psychosocial Stages:

Sense of initiative vs Guilt

3-6 years old

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Freud Structural Theory:

Uses internal and external rewards or punishments to control and regulate ID impulses.

Superego

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Erikson 8 Psychosocial Stages:

Sense of identity vs Identity Diffusion

12-18 Adolescence

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Cognitive Theory:

Beginnings of abstract thought.
Plays games with rules. Cause-Effect relationship known.
Logic understood, thinking is independent.
Thinking is reversible.
Rules of logic are developed.

Concrete Operations, Ages 7 to 11 years.

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Freud Developmental Stages,

Ages 2-3

Anal

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Theory of Moral Development:

Child acts acceptably as it is in her best interests. Conforms to rules to receive rewards.

Stage 2

Kohlberg

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Freud Developmental Stages,

Ages 0-1

Oral

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Margaret Mahler - Object Relations

Alert Inactivity, Attachment

0 to 3 months

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Erikson 8 Psychosocial Stages:

Sense of generatively vs self-absorption

Adulthood

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Theory of Moral Development:

Child obeys an authority figure out of fear of punishment. Obedience/punishment.

Pre-Conventional
Elementary school, before age 9.
Stage 1
Kohlberg

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Theory of Moral Development:

Person acts to gain approval from others. “Good boy/good girl” orientation.

Conventional
Early Adolescence
Stage 3
Kohlberg

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Freud Structural Theory: 
Properties: Impulses (impulsive behavior)
Primary process thinking
Unconscious
Discharges tension

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Piaget: 4 Stages of Cognitive Development:

Ages 0-2

Sensorimotor Thought

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Freud Structural Theory:

Seat of Conscience, Ego Ideal

Superego

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Freud Structural Theory:
Reality Testing, Judgement, Modulating and controlling impulses, Modulating affect, Object relations, regulate self-esteem, Mastering developmental challenges.

Major Functions of Ego

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Cognitive Theory:

Retains image of objects.
Develops primitive logic in manipulating objects.
Begins intentional actions.
Play is imitative.
Signals is meaning - infant invests in meaning and event

Sensorimotor, Age 0-2 years.

Freud Structural Theory:

Definition: Seat of primitive drives and instinctual needs.

Margaret Mahler - Object Relations

Alert when awake, strange anxiety, about 8 months.

6 to 12 months, Separation/Individuation.

Freud Structural Theory:

Mediator between drives (id) and external reality.

Ego

Piaget: 4 Stages of Cognitive Development:
Ages: 2 1/2 to 6 or 7

Preoperational Thought

Theory of Moral Development:

Obeys laws and fulfills obligations and duties to maintain social systems. Rules are rules. Avoid censure and guilt.

Stage 4

Kohlberg

Piaget: 4 Stages of Cognitive Development:

Ages 11 to 18

Formal Operations

Freud Developmental Stages, | Ages 6-11

Latency

Cognitive Theory: 1. Language Development 2. Concretism to abstract thinking. 3. Past, present and future, night terrors. 4. Acquires words, math, music and other code. 5. Magic thinking, thinking is concrete.

Preoperational, Age 2 to 7 years.

Theory of Moral Development: Guided by individual principles, based on broad, universal ethical principles. Concern for larger universal issues of morality.

Stage 6 | Kohlberg

Erikson 8 Psychosocial Stages: | Basic sense of trust vs Mistrust

0-1 years old

Levels of the Mind: | Mental activities of which we are fully aware.

Conscious.

Levels of the Mind: | Thoughts and feelings, which can be brought into consciousness easily.

Preconscious.

Freud Developmental Stages, | Ages 3-6

Phallic/Oedipal

Freud Structural Theory: | Adaptive capacity in relation to external reality.

Ego

Erikson 8 Psychosocial Stages: | Sense of ego integrity vs Despair

Maturity

Erikson 8 Psychosocial Stages: | Sense of autonomy vs Shame and doubt

2-3 years old

Levels of the Mind: | Thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories of which we are unaware.

Unconscious.

Erikson 8 Psychosocial Stages: | Sense of industry vs Inferiority

6-11 years old

Freud Developmental Stages, | Ages 12 - 18 Adolescence.

Puberty-Genital

Piaget: 4 Stages of Cognitive Development: | Ages 7 to 11

Concrete Operations

Theory of Moral Development: | Genuine interest in welfare of others; concerned with individual rights and being morally right.

Adult Stage 5 Kohlberg

Margaret Mahler - Object Relations Disengagement alternating with intense demands for attention. Splitting of objects (good/bad); can leave mother rather than be left. Language development; individual means to solve dilemmas.

18 to 24 months

Erikson 8 Psychosocial Stages: | Sense of intimacy vs Isolation

18-mid 20's young adult

Margaret Mahler - Object Relations | No differentiation between self and other; mutual cueing.

2 to 6 months

Margaret Mahler - Object Relations | Can substitute reliable internal image during absence; inception of unified self-image.

24 to 28 months

Cognitive Theory: 1. Higher level of abstraction 2. Construction of ideals. Planning for future. 3. Thinks hypothetically. 4. De-centers through interactions with peers and elders. 5. Assumes adult roles and responsibilities.

Formal Operations, Ages 11 to maturity.