What are two points of self control?
- learning to inhibit impulses
- most children struggle to delay gratification
What are three points about the
- a learned behaviour of social priority
- most ‘young’ children do not share voluntarily
- social schemata that makes it beneficial is not yet in place
What are two points about gender roles?
- sex is biological
- gender is a social construct
What came from Erik Erikson’s theory: the search for self?
Developing an awareness of self as different from others is an important step in social development
What are the stages of Erikson’s theory?
Stage 1(birth to 18 months): basic trust vs. mistrust- if needs are met, child learns world is predictable and safe
- if needs are not met, distrust in the world develops
- important event: feeding
Stage 2(18 months to 3 years): autonomy vs. shame and doubt- success in tasks leads to autonomy
- failure leads to fears and a sense of doubt
- important event: toilet training
Stage 3(3 to 6 years): initiative vs. guilt- developing initiative in exploring initiative in exploring and manipulating the environment
- a sense of mastery develops if the child successfully exercises enthusiasm
- failure leads to dependence and regret
- important event- independence
Stage 4(6- 12 years): industry vs. inferiority-
The child gains a sense of confidence and mastery, enjoying development tasks of childhood
- failure leads to feelings of inferiority and incompetence
- important task: school
Stage 5(13- 20 years): identity vs. role confusion- growth and turmoil of adolescence creates an “identity crisis”
- crisis is resolved by forming an identity
- failure to form an identity leads to confusion about adult roles
Stage 6(20- 40 years: intimacy vs. isolation- young adults must commit to lasting intimate and caring relationships - the alternative is isolation
Stage 7(40-65 years): generative vs. stagnation- people become aware of their mortality
- they hope to convey information, love, and security to the next generation
- failure leads to stagnation and self-absorption
Stage 8(65+ years): ego integrity vs. despair- assessing whether existence is meaningful and happy, or wasteful and unproductive - the answer leads to fulfillment or regret
What is adolescence?
Adolescence is the period extending from the onset of puberty to early adulthood between ages 12 and 20
What is puberty?
Puberty is the the time when the reproductive system matures
What happens during the physical development of adolescence?
- Girls enter puberty about 2 years before boys, -preceded by growth spurts,
- hormones trigger development of secondary sexual characteristics, physical features that differentiate the sexes,
- some early-maturers are at a disadvantage as they are seen as outsiders by peers
- such differences are not directly related to have few long-term consequences
- the stress of early or late maturation may help teens become adept at coping
What happens during the cognitive development of adolescence?
- most adolescents are in piaget’s “formal operational stage” and can think abstractly and form hypotheses
- imaginary audience is a cognitive distortion in which adolescents see themselves “on stage”
- personal fable is a cognitive distortion in which adolescents believe they are so special that others cannot understand them
- sex differences in cognitive abilities are very small
What happens during emotional and social development in adolescence?
- early patterns of adjustment manifest themselves as years Passed
- parents and peers are important influences on self-esteem and personality
- adolescents’ attitudes fall somewhere between those of their parents and peers
What is the storm- and -stress theory?
G. Stanley hall
- tumultuous period characterized by extreme mood swings and unpredictable behaviour- average of two conflicts with parents every three days- highest number of conflicts between teenage daughters and mothers
Relates to Erikson’s concept of crisis of identity and independence from parents
What do children and adolescents who have friends tend to be more of?
Socially competent
What does friendship set the stage for?
Adult intimacy
What happens when a friendship falls apart?
A child’s self-confidence is undermined
How do adolescents view sexual intimacy?
Viewed as an important and normal part of growing up
Adolescents are having sexual experiences at younger ages
What are some facts about adolescents and sexual experiences?
- some are experimenting with intercourse at younger ages
- some are having intercourse more often and with more partners
- most did not know sti or hiv infected people can appear healthy
- sti rates, particularly chlamydia, highest among adolescents
- 40000+ teens aged 15-19 get pregnant each year in Canada
What is sex?
Biologically based characteristics that distinguish males and females; production of testosterone and brain differences
What is gender?
Psychological phenomenon referring to learned sex-related behaviours and attitudes; involves gender identity and gender roles
What is gender identity?
Ones sense of being male or female
What does gender roles refer to?
The behaviours that tend to accompany being male or female; many men and women have adopted androgynous behaviours that represent a blend of stereotypically male and female characteristics, but we still live in a gendered society
What is gender intensification?
The process of becoming extreme in ones orientation toward maleness and femaleness
What is the gender schema theory?
Gender schema theory asserts children and adolescents use their sex as an organizing theme to classify and interpret perceptions about the world and themselves
- children develop shorthand concepts of what boys and girls are like
- may attempt to bring their behaviours and thoughts into conformity with generally accepted gender-specific roles
- adolescent self-esteem is tied to these gender-based perceptions
What are some biological influences on gender?
Toy preferences, exposure to higher levels of testosterone in the womb increases rates of “rough and tumble” play in humans, primates and mice, sex segregation during play emerges in humans and primates between 6-12 moths
What are some social influences on gender?
- social encouragement of gender consistent behaviour is strongest among father compared to mothers
- a child’s sex creates expectations among caregivers regarding gender-consistent behaviours which are reinforced
