human development 2

Question 1

what substage of peroperational development occurs between 2 and 4 years of age and is characterized by the child being able to mentally represent an object that is not present and a dependence on perception in problem solving

Answer 1

symbolic function

Question 2

Two sub-stages of the Preoperational Stage

Answer 2

1. Symbolic (2-4 years)
2. Intuitive (4-7 years)

Question 3

Rapid language acquisition
* Storytelling, fantasy
* Pretend play, dramatic acting
* Art: Drawing, painting
are examples of what kind of functioning?

Answer 3

symbolic

Question 4

Pretend play is an example of what kind of functioning?

Answer 4

intuitive thought

Question 5

what substage of preoperational development is marked by greater dependence on intuitive thinking rather than just perception
lasting from 4 to 7 years,

Answer 5

intuitive thought

Question 6

Three inhibitions to preoperational thinking?

Answer 6

egocentrism, perceptual salience, and animism

Question 7

children reason, not based on what they know, but based on what they perceive (ie.g., see and hear) in the present local context

Answer 7

perceptual salience

Question 8

The tendency of young children not to be able to take the perspective of others, and instead the child thinks that everyone sees, thinks, and feels just as they do

Answer 8

egocentrism

Question 9

attributing life-like qualities to objects

Answer 9

animism

Question 10

primary limitation of thought during the intuitive substage

Answer 10

centration
Inability to conserve
Classification errors

Question 11

understanding is dominated (i.e., centered on) a single feather– the most perceptually salient one. At this age, children cannot hold or coordinate two features of an object at the same time

Answer 11

centration

Question 12

Three themes are often identified with ___________’s ideas of sociocultural learning: (1) human development and learning originate in social, historical, and cultural interactions, (2) the use of psychological tools, particularly language, mediates the development of higher mental functions, and (3) learning occurs within the Zone of Proximal Development.

Answer 12

Vygotsky’s

Question 13

Vygotsky’s _________________ theory emphasizes the importance of culture and social interaction in the development of cognitive abilities

Answer 13

sociocultural theory

Question 14

a learner actively acquires new culturally valuable skills and capabilities through a meaningful, collaborative activity with an assisting, more experienced other

Answer 14

guided participation

Question 15

Vygotsky differed with Piaget in that he believed that a person not only has a set of actual abilities, but also a set of potential abilities that can be realized if given the proper guidance from others. He believed that through guided participation known as _________________, with a teacher or capable peer, a child can learn cognitive skills within a certain range known as the zone of proximal development.

Answer 15

scaffolding

Question 16

what a learner can do with help from more competent others; sits in the gap between what a learner can do alone without help, and what the learner cannot yet do.

Answer 16

zone of proximal development

Question 17

ygotsky’s theory that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture, and relies on cultural tools like language.

Answer 17

sociocultural theory

Question 18

the ability to think about other people’s thoughts (also known as meta-cognition—that is, thinking about thinking)

Answer 18

theory of mind

Question 19

understanding that other people experience mental states (for instance, thoughts, beliefs, feelings, or desires) that are different from our own, and that their mental states are what guide their behavior

Answer 19

theory of mind

Question 20

This awareness of the existence of _________________ is part of social intelligence, such as recognizing that others can think differently about situations. It helps us to be self-conscious or aware that others can think of us in different ways and it helps us to be able to be understanding or be empathic toward others. Moreover, this “mind reading” ability helps us to anticipate and predict people’s actions. The awareness of the mental states of others is important for communication and social skills.

Answer 20

theory of mind

Question 21

identifies 10 standards of __________________________________________

1. Positive and caring relationships among all children and adults are promoted.
2. The curriculum supports learning and development in social, emotional, physical, language, and cognitive areas.
3. Teaching approaches are developmentally, culturally, and linguistically attuned.
   4.Children’s progress is assessed to provide information on their learning and development.
4. Children’s health and nutrition are promoted, while they are protected from illness and injury.
   6.Teachers possess the educational qualifications, knowledge, and commitment to promote children’s learning.
   7.Collaborative relationships with families are established and maintained.
5. Relationships with agencies and institutions in the children’s communities are established to support the program’s goals.
6. Indoor and outdoor physical environments are safe and well-maintained.
7. Leadership and management personnel are well qualified, effective, and maintain licensure status with the applicable state agency.

Answer 21

early childhood education

Question 22

benefits of early childhood education

Answer 22

lower high school dropout rates, lower unemployment rates, and lower rates of incarceration

Question 23

spontaneous fun activity found at all ages and in all cultures. begins in infancy.

Answer 23

play

Question 24

Children’s behavior seems more random and without a specific goal. This is the least common form of play.

Answer 24

unoccupied play

Question 25

Children play by themselves, do not interact with others, nor are they engaging in similar activities as the children around them.

Answer 25

solitary play

Question 26

Children are observing other children playing. They may comment on the activities and even make suggestions, but will not directly join the play.

Answer 26

onlooker play

Question 27

Children play alongside each other, using similar toys, but do not directly act with each other.

Answer 27

paralell play

Question 28

Children will interact with each other and share toys, but are not working toward a common goal.

Answer 28

associative play

Question 29

Children are interacting to achieve a common goal. Children may take on different tasks to reach that goal.

Answer 29

cooperative play

Question 30

3 types of non-social play

Answer 30

unoccupied, solitary, and onlooker

Question 31

3 types of social play

Answer 31

parallel, associative, and cooperative

Question 32

make-believe play with others, involving objects and actions woven into some kind of imagined situation or story

Answer 32

sociodramatic play

Question 33

developmental task of middle childhood

Answer 33

Industry vs. inferiority

Question 34

Child develops a sense of
competence at useful skills and tasks

Answer 34

industry

Question 35

Child lacks confidence; feels
inadequate, pessimistic about abilities

Answer 35

inferiority

Question 36

a learning context in which children
learn content while playing together freely (free play, or self-
directed play), with teacher guidance (guided play), or in a
structured game.

Answer 36

playful learning