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Introduction to Psychology II > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

study of how behavior changes over the life span

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2
Q

post hoc fallacy

A

logical error where you assume that A causes B just because B came after A

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3
Q

Bidirectional influences

A

humen development is always two way street / development influences experiences but experiences also influence development

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4
Q

Cross sectional design

A

examine people of different ages at a single time

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5
Q

cohort effects

A

set of people who lived during one period may differ from sets of people who lived during a different period

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6
Q

longitudinal designs

A

track the development of the same group of participants over time

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7
Q

selective attrition

A

drop of studies

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8
Q

Infant determinism

A

influence and shape our behavior by the end of 5

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9
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

bidirectional

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10
Q

active selective gene environment correlation (nature via nurture)

A

children with certain genetic predispositions often seek out and create their own environment

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11
Q

ecoactive reactive gene environment correlation

A

depression leads to arguing-arguing leads to depression

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12
Q

passive gene environment correlation

A

the interrelationship between the environment provided by the parents and genes they transmit to their children

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13
Q

Active genotype environment correlation

A

occurs when individuals seek out environments that support their genetic tendencies. niche picking

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14
Q

gene environment interaction

A

genetic differences in sensitivity to certain environmental effects

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15
Q

Automatic motor behaviors

A

sucking and rooting

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16
Q

Motor behaviors

A

are bodily motions that occur as result of self initiated force that moves the bones and muscles

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17
Q

Motor behaviors achieved

A

in the same order but time can change due to physical maturity, cultural and parenting practices

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18
Q

Theories of Cognitive Development

A
  1. Stagelike vs continuous changes in understanding
  2. Domain-general vs domain specific accounts
  3. Principal source of learning
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19
Q

Piagent’s Theory

A

domain general/last step of development is ability to reason logically about hypotheticals/ children use assimilation to acquire new knowledge and accomodation forces change between stages

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20
Q

Four stages of Piaget

A

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operations
formal operations

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21
Q

sensorimotor 0-2 years

A

-focus on the here and now
-lack of object permanence and deffered imitation (imitating)
-major milestone is mental representation

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22
Q

Preoperational stage 2-7 years

A

-marked by an ability to construct mental representations of experience
-hampered by egocentrism and inability to perform mental operations
-lack conservation

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23
Q

concrete operations 7-11 years

A

can perform mental operations but only for actual physical events

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24
Q

formal operations 11- adulthood

A

can understan hypothetical reasoning beyon the here and now
also understand logical concepts and abstract questions

25
pros and cons of piagets
inaccurate: -development is more continuous -probably underestimated children's competence -culturally biased methods still highly influential and helped
26
Vygotskys theory
Theory focused on social and cultural influences on cognitive development
27
Scaffolding
parents structure environments for learning and then gradually remove the structure
28
zone of proximal development/developmental readiness for learning
phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
29
general cognitive accounts
focus on general cognitive abilities and acquired knowledge
30
Sociocultural accounts
emphasize social context and interaction
31
modular accounts
emphasize domain specific learning
32
Aside from accomplishments in perception memory and language;
naive pyhsics categorizing objects by kind concept of self others : theory of mind counting and math
33
theory of mind
ability to reason about what other people know or believe
34
adolescent impulsivity
frontal lobes matuer slowly, while limbic system becomes more active
35
adolescents gradually shift from seeing knowledge :
as absolute to seeing it as relative
36
temperament
differences in children's social and emotional styles appears early largely genetic easy difficult and slow to warm up there may be children that is behaviorally inhibited
37
attachment
emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest
38
early social development
infants develop interest in other people very quickly after birth
39
stranger anxiety starts at
8 9 months and peaks at 12 15 months
40
imprinting
imitating the care giver but in humans it happens sensitive periods. Rutter's studies of orpahnages.
41
behaviorists assumed children bonded with those that provided them nourishment
harry harlow's work with rhesus monkeys showed otherwise/ physical contact played a huge role in developing attachment
42
strage situation test
attachment styles
43
attachment styles
1 secure attachment 2 insecure avoidant attachment 3 insecure anxious attachment 4 disorganized attachment
44
attachment styles lacking
show large cultural differences lack of reliability on the strange situation changing styles over brief times children have different styles for mom vs dad
45
parenting styles
permissive authoritarian authoritative uninvolved
46
permissive style
lantient little discipline affectionate
47
authoritarian style
very strict punishing little affection
48
authoritative style
supportive but set firm limits
49
uninvolved style
neglectful and ignoring
50
average expectable environment
that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline
51
identity development
Erikson developed a model
52
1st stage infancy
trust vs mistrust : developing general security
53
2 toddlerhood
autonomy vs shame developing a sense of independence
54
3 early childhood
initiative versus guilt develeping initiative in exploring the environment
55
4 middle childhood
industry vs inferiority enjoyment and mastery of developmental task of childhood
56
5 adolescense
identity vs role confusion achievement of a stable and satisfying sense of role
57
6 young adulthood
intimacy vs isolation developmentof the ability to maintain intimate personal relationships
58
7 adulthood
generativity vs stagnation satisfaction of personal and familial needs supplemented by development
59
8 aging
ego integrity vs despair recognizing and adjusting to aging and the prospect of death with a sense of satisfaction

Introduction to Psychology II (3 decks)

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