Human Development Flashcards
Attachment behaviour typically peaks between
Select one:
1. 5 and 7 months of age
2. 6 and 12 months of age
3. 12 and 18 months of age
4. 36 and 48 months of age
5. 7 and 9 months of age
12 and 18 months of age
Attachment behaviour is that displayed by the infant towards the attachment figure usually but not necessarily the mother. In the first few months, an infant orientates without discrimination, But by 5-7 months, the infant preferentially orientates and signals to discriminated persons. Separation protest is observable by 7-9 months. By 9 months, the onset of attachment and stranger anxiety could be seen. Attachment behaviour peaks between 12-18 months, and lessens by school age where the relationship is based more on abstract considerations such as affection, approval rather than on proximity maintenance.
Which one of the following is a feature of restricted language code?
Select one:
1. It is used by the middle class and upper-class children
2. Restricted language code is characterised by short, incomplete sentences, which focuses on the present
3. I is frequently employed in the restricted language code
4. It is characterized by longer, complex sentences that are context-independent
5. It focuses on the past and future, employs ‘I’ commonly and allows for expression of
abstract thought.
Restricted language code is characterised by short, incomplete sentences, which
focuses on the present.
The elaborated code is characterized by longer, complex sentences that are context-independent. It focuses on the past and future, employs ‘I’ commonly and allows for the expression of abstract thought. Restricted language code is characterised by short, incomplete sentences, which tend to be context-dependent, frequently uses like ‘you know’, focuses on the present, employs pronoun ‘I’ rarely and has little room for expressing abstract thinking. Restricted code is used by the poorer class and the elaborated language code is used by the middle class and upper-class children.
Which of the following theories attempt to explain gender differences during development?
Select one:
1. Stimulus preparedness theory
2. Social learning theory
3. Attachment theory
4. Social exchange theory
5. Kohlberg’s theory
Social learning theory
Social learning theory regards gender identity and role as a set of behaviours that are learned from the environment. The main way that gender behaviours are learned is through the process of observational learning. Children observe the people around them behaving in various ways, some of which relate to gender. They pay attention to some of these people (models) and encode their behaviour. At a later time, they may imitate the behaviour they have observed. They may do this regardless of whether the behaviour is ‘gender appropriate’ or not but there are a number of processes that make it more likely that a child will reproduce the behaviour that its society deems appropriate for its sex.
Following separation from the mother, the first reaction exhibited by a child is most likely to be
Select one:
1. Despair
2. Protest
3. Clinging behaviour
4. Anaclitic depression
5. Detachment
Protest
Acute separation reaction occurs when a child is separated from their attachment figure and is sometimes called as Anaclitic depression. It progresses through classic stages of protest, despair and detachment.
Which of the following is NOT an effect of parental separation?
Select one:
1. Changes in bowel habits
2. Physical aggression
3. Increased motivation for academic performance
4. Suicidal ideas
5. Guilt and accepting responsibility for separation
Increased motivation for academic performance
Children of all age groups are prone to behavioural difficulties after parental divorce -this is evident even in infants who may show changes in eating, sleeping and bowel patterns, with fearful or anxious responses.
Academic and social aptitude suffers due to divorce; asthma, injuries, headaches and speech defects are more common in divorced families.
A 4-month-old child is aware of his mother, but has no sense of individuality. This is seen in which of the following stages described by Mahler?
Select one:
1. Idealisation phase
2. Rapprochment phase
3. Autistic phase
4. Separation-individuation phase
5. Symbiotic phase
Symbiotic phase
According to Margaret Mahler’s theory of the mother/child relationship, the symbiotic relation is a very early phase of development that follows the phase of normal primary autism and precedes the separation/individualization phase. The symbiotic relation is characterized by an omnipotent sense of the total enmeshing of mother and child, who thus form a ‘unity of two.’
The Cambridge study by Farrington et al. identified risk factors in children between 8-10 years that can predict later delinquent behaviour by the age of 32. Which one of the following is not a risk factor identified by this study?
Select one:
1. Low intelligence
2. Aggression in children
3. Family criminality
4. Low educational attainment
5. Antisocial behaviour
Aggression in children
According to the Cambridge study by Farrington et al, the most important childhood predictors (during age 8-10) of delinquency were antisocial child behaviour, impulsivity, low intelligence, low attainment, family criminality, poverty and poor parental child-rearing behaviour. Aggression is not a risk factor identified in this study.
Which of the following stages in moral reasoning may not be achieved by everyone?
Select one:
1. Reward orientation
2. Obedience orientation
3. Authority orientation
4. Universal ethical orientation
5. Concordance orientation
Universal ethical orientation
According to Kohlberg, universal ethical principles may not be achieved by everyone.
Which one among the following is said to be achieved when all information properly fits into the schemas?
Select one:
1. Assimilation
2. Accommodation
3. Equilibration
4. Adaptation
5. Object permanence
Equilibration
Equilibration is a term used in the Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory to describe child’s movement between a state of equilibrium, when they are mostly assimilating, to a state of disequilibrium, when they are mostly accommodating. It is said to be achieved when all information properly fits into the schema via either processes of adaptation (assimilation and accommodation). During each developmental state, the child will experience cognitive disequilibrium which gets solved through adaptation and equilibration results. Each time that equilibrium occurs, the child produces more effective schemata or mental structures.
In a family, it is observed that the parents do not set strict limits for their children. They avoid confrontation with their children whenever possible, and are considered to be extremely flexible by their children. This parenting style is called
Select one:
1. Insecure parenting
2. Authoritative parenting
3. Permissive parenting
4. Neglectful parenting
5. Avoidant parenting
Permissive parenting
This is called as permissive parenting with low or absent control but high degree of nurturance and leniency; No demands are placed on growing child. There is a degree of inadequate communication in these families.
The baby exhibits its first social smile at about
Select one:
1. Four months of age
2. Six weeks.
3. Six months of age
4. Three months of age
5. Three weeks
Six weeks.
The baby exhibits its first social smile at about six weeks. The infant starts to differentiate familiar and unfamiliar faces at three months.
Insecure attachment during early childhood is associated with the development of which types of childhood disorders?
Select one:
1. Childhood schizophrenia
2. Mental retardation
3. Heller’s syndrome
4. Tic disorders
5. Oppositional defiant disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder
Secure attachment appears to be a protective factor for development of childhood disorders and insecure attachment is best conceptualised as a risk factor for a number of childhood disorders. It has been demonstrated in various studies that insecure attachment during early childhood is associated with the development of behavioural problems especially oppositional defiant disorder at school age. Insecure attachment in combination with other vulnerability factors such as family dysfunction, difficult child temperament, and poor parental management can give rise to later childhood disorders
Identify the temperamental dimension not included originally by Buss and Plomin in their temperamental survey:
Select one:
1. Activity
2, Impulsivity
3, Attention span and persistence
4, Sociability
5. Emotionality
Attention span and persistence
Buss and Plomin in 1984, proposed the EAS model, which is a strongly biological model that views temperament as an inherited personality trait exhibited in early life and are evident in the first year of life. Temperament is assessed using the EAS-Temperament survey. Emotionality, Activity and Sociability are three major dimensions. The original theory also included impulsivity but it was excluded in later revulsions because of its poor heritability.
A toddler boy when playing with his mother mentions “cats have four legs, dogs have four legs. So cats and dogs are the same”. Which one among the following terms describes this cognitive process?
Select one:
1. Egocentrism
2. Animism
3. Transductive reasoning
4. Hypothetico deductive reasoning
5. Artificialism
Transductive reasoning
In transductive reasoning, inferences are made about relationships based on a single attribute. This may influence the development of animistic thinking, in which inanimate objects are treated as living objects. An example of animistic thinking is ‘things that move are alive, the wind moves- so it is alive.’
Precocious puberty is suspected in girls before the age of
Select one:
1. 9
2. 8
3. 10
4. 7
5. 11
8
Precocious puberty is suspected in boys before age 9, and girls before age 8. Social stress is a puberty accelerator, with familial disruption and father absenteeism, being one of the most effective stressors. In UK the average age of onset of puberty in males is 11.2 years; for females it is 11 years. Menarche on average is at 12.5 years for females. There has been a decline in western countries in the age of menarche over the last century from 16 in the 1860s to around 13 in the 1960s. This secular trend is thought to be due to the improved nutritional status of the society in general.
A 55-year-old married lady is a mother of three girls who were all raised by her. All are now grown up and her last daughter left home to study recently. Now the mother feels lonely and despondent. Which one of the following terms describes this phenomenon?
Select one:
1. Depression
2. Empty nest distress
3. Downshifting
4. Mid life crisis
5. Separation anxiety
Empty nest distress
Empty nest distress or empty nest syndrome refers to the feeling of loneliness when children leave home which usually occurs during latter part of middle age. However, there is no evidence to support this mythical concept. The parenting role continues to be important, albeit in a changed form. Midlife transition or crisis occurs around age 40 to 45, when individuals become acutely aware of their limitations with their previous goals and re-evaluating their life. Downshifting refers to voluntary opting out of pressurised career and
giving up well-paid job for more fulfilling life (anti-urbanism).
Which one among the following was the last stage of Erik Erikson’s model of psychosocial development?
Select one:
1. Initiative vs. guilt
2. Identity vs. identity confusion
3. Integrity vs. despair
4. Intimacy vs. isolation
5. Industry vs. inferiority
Integrity vs. despair
Erik Erikson developed an alternative model of psychosocial development based on the crisis at each developmental stage. The different stages of development start with a Trust vs. mistrust phase at infancy and ends with Integrity vs. Despair phase at the old age
Stranger fear peaks at
Select one:
1. 1 year
2. 0-3 months
3. 5-8 years
4. 3-6 months
5. 2-3 years
1 year
Infants develop a fear of strangers when they are around 6 months of age and it peaks at around 12-18 months of age. Fear of strangers declines after the age of three years. Separation anxiety starts at 1 year of age and child shows rapproachment (hugs when coming back) by 18 months.
According to Freud’s psychosexual theory, Oedipus complex develops during;
Select one:
1. Oral stage
2. Genital stage
3. Phallic stage
4. Anal stage
5. Latent stage
Phallic stage
According to Freud’s psychosexual stages, Oedipus complex develops during phallic stage (3-5 years). Oedipus complex is a wish to have a libidinal relationship with opposite sex parent (Electra complex in girls) with desire to exclude the rival parent. This leads to a fear of retaliation from the rival parent in the form of castration anxiety in boys. At the resolution of this stage, identification with the aggressor i.e. boys identifying with dads is seen.
A child was observed to be speaking to his grandfather over a toy phone. What kind of play is this?
Section:
1. Parallel play
2. Co-operative play
3. Symbolic play
4. Rule governed play
5. Sensorimotor play
Symbolic play
In sensorimotor play, the infant plays with objects like shaking a rattle, which occurs around six months. Symbolic or pretend play is evident by two years. Here one object is understood to stand for another (e.g. a piece of pencil stands for a cigarette) or pretending something exists where it does not (e.g. speaking to grandfather over a toy phone).
An 18-month-old child is aware of her vulnerability to separation from her mother. She is constantly concerned about her mother’s location. In terms of Mahler’s separation-individuation theory, this infant is in the stage of
Select one:
1. object constancy
2. differentiation
3. practicing
4. rapprochement
5. symbiosis
Rapprochement
Rapprochement is arguably the most critical stage of the separation individuation process. The toddler becomes acutely aware of his separation from the mother. As the symbiotic safety net diminishes, his separation anxiety gains momentum. The toddler is more concerned with mother’s whereabouts and
demonstrates his anxiety through active approach behaviour (rapprochement).
Average age of puberty in boys is
Select one:
1. 8-9 years
2. 9-10 years
3. 14-15 years
4. 10-11 years
5. 11-12 years
11-12 years
Currently in UK the average age of puberty is 11-12 years in boys; slightly lower in girls.
In a typically developing child, babbling is seen by what age?
Select one:
1. 6 weeks
2. 9-10 months
3. 6 months
4. 3 months
5. 12 months
6 months
By 6 weeks the child starts ‘cooing’. By 6 months, babbling is seen. Babbling is nothing but the production of speech sounds repetitively. Spontaneous babbling refers to the situation when the child enjoys making these sounds alone. All babies around the same age, irrespective of the culture, start babbling. Even the deaf babies of the deaf mute parents start marbling, but, unfortunately, the deaf babies stop babbling at 9-10 months.
Who described human infants to have an ‘innate state of helplessness and would most likely perish without a caregiver’?
Select one:
1. Saunders
2. Bowlby
3. Klein
4. Mahler
5. Anna Freud
Bowlby
Bowlby believed that attachment is innate and adaptive. We are all born with an inherited need to form attachments and this need helps us to survive. In his terms, the newborn infant is helpless and relies on its mother/caregiver for food and warmth and hence the attachment behaviour is essentially adaptive.
According to Vygotsky’s developmental theory which one among the following refers to functions that are not yet fully achieved but are in the process “pipeline”?
Select one:
1. Zone of proximal development
2. Zone of terminal development
3. Zone of intermittent development
4. Zone of accommodation
5. Zone of assimilation
Zone of proximal development
According to Vygotsky’s theory development is not entirely private or individual-based. A child acts as an apprentice in social surroundings rather than as a scientist. Parents and teachers carry out the role of scaffolding (a term introduced by Wood et al. 1976) which serves to introduce familiarity for tasks, even if those tasks are beyond a child’s immediate expertise, so that the child can develop its own competence later (collaborative learning). Zone of proximal development refers to functions which are not yet fully achieved but are in the process ‘pipeline’. While actual achievement measures development after completion
retrospectively, the zone of proximal development has a prospective sense as to what the child will be achieving in the near future.
The visual cliff is a test of
Select one:
1. Touch perception
2. Depth perception
3. Height perception
4. Sound perception
5. Colour perception
Depth perception
Visual Cliff is an apparatus used to test an infant’s perception of depth. A pane of thick glass covers a shallow drop and a deep drop. The underlying surfaces of both deep and shallow sides are covered with the same chequered pattern. Children of six months and older will not venture over the ‘deep side’, and this is taken as an indication that the child can perceive depth.
In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the process of solving new problems using existing schemata is termed as;
Select one:
1. Adaptation
2, Maturation
3. Schema
4. Assimilation
5. Accommodation
Assimilation
During development, the child develops mental structures called schemas, which enables him or her to solve problems in the environment. Schema is an organised structure of knowledge or abilities that change with age or experience. The processes of assimilation and accommodation bring about adaptation. The process of solving new problems using existing schema is termed as Assimilation. Accommodation is the process whereby existing response patterns or schemata are modified to take account of new experiences. (Changing existing schemata in order to solve new experiences).
A child plays peek-a-boo games with his mother. At what age is this game first understood and enjoyed by the child?
Select one:
1. 6 months of age
2. 3 years or age
3. 3 months of age
4. 18 months of age
5. 9 months of age
9 months of age
Object permanence starts by 9 months. It is an understanding that objects that disappear from the field of perception has not ceased to exist; if searched for this object can be found. Hence, peek-a-boo games are understood and enjoyed. Initially, this is limited as hidden objects are searched at where they were last seen (around 9-12 months); not at where they were hidden. Around 18 months, invisible displacements are inferred, and object permanence is completed.
Imprinting is characterised by
Select one:
1. Specificity
2. Irreversibility
3. All of the listed
4. Sensitive period
5. Life long retention
All of the list
Imprinting was first described by Konrad Lorenz following experiments on ducks and geese and described it as a specialised form of early learning and an example of an innate predisposition to acquire specific information. Imprinting is characteristic of primate development and is also observed in birds. Imprinting is characterised by irreversibility, sensitive period, specificity and life-long retention.
Egocentrism is a feature of which of the following stages described by Piaget?
Select one:
1. Formal operational stage
2. None of the above
3. Concrete operational stage
4. Preoperational stage
5. Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
During Preoperational stage (2-7years) the baby learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words. Thinking is egocentric (only self-perspective is taken) and animistic. Objects are classified by a single feature. The baby also achieves conservation of numbers (age 6).
All of the following terms are associated with Donald Winnicott except
Select one:
1. Potential space
2. Transitional object
3. Object permanence
4. Holding environment
5. Pathological mother
Object permanence
Object permanence was described by Piaget. All other terms are associated with Winnicott.
Kohlberg’s concept of conventional morality is closely related to which of the following?
Select one:
1. A child believes that the right thing is what satisfies ones needs
2. A child believes that the right thing is what adults approve of
3. A child believes that the right thing is to uphold ethical principles
4. A child believes that the right thing is one that avoids punishments
5. A child believes that the right thing is what the intuition suggests
A child believes that the right thing is what adults approve of
According to Kohlberg the three levels of morality include Preconventional (aim is to avoid punishment), Conventional (aim is to get approval) and Ethical principle (aim is to uphold universal ethical principles).
A 7-year-old boy is struggling at school for grades. According to Erik Erikson, he’s at what phase of psychosocial development stage?
Select one:
1. Initiative vs. guilt
2. Basic trust vs. mistrust
3. Autonomy vs. shame
4. Industry vs. inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role confusion
Industry vs. inferiority
Industry vs. inferiority (6-12 years). At the school-going stage, the child’s world extends beyond the home to the school. The emphasis is on academic performance. There is a movement from play to work. Earlier the child could play at activities with little or no attention given to the quality of results. Now, he needs to perform and produce good results.
The parallel process in a female child that resembles the Oedipus complex in males is called
Select one:
1. Euripides complex
2. Delphi complex
3. Electra complex
4. Cleopatra complex
5. Jocasta complex
Electra complex
The Oedipus complex is an intrapsychic and interpersonal event whereby a 3- to 5-year-old male child develops rivalry with this father and an attraction to his mother. A similar process in a female child is called the Electra complex.
Which one of the following terms refers to the bias towards focusing attention on only one aspect of a situation and the inability to attend to other features?
Select one:
1. Symbolic thought
2. Centration
3. Egocentrism
4. Circular reactions
5. Irreversibility
Centration
Centration refers to the bias towards focussing attention on only one aspect of a situation and the inability to attend to other features, which is demonstrated by Piaget’s famous conservation tasks. The experiment involves showing two identical glasses with equal amounts of liquid and pouring the liquid from one glass into a taller thinner glass. The pre-operational child would say that taller glass has more liquid because the level has risen higher. The child has difficulty understanding that despite appearances the quantity remains the same because none has been added or taken away. It shows that the child has failed to grasp the concept of conservation.
Which one of the following statements about attachment theory is not true?
Select one:
1. Children can be attached as strongly to the father as the mother
2. According to attachment theory, multiple attachments can occur
3. Attachment behaviour ceases by puberty
4. Attachment behaviour is most evident when the infant is stressed
5. Attachment can develop despite frequent punishment from attachment figure
Attachment behaviour ceases by puberty
Attachment is a close emotional bond between two people characterised by mutual involvement and affection and a desire to maintain proximity. The term is more usually used to refer to the bond that forms between a caregiver (normally the mother) and the infant, but can be formed with father or any other adult who provides care. Attachment behaviour endures for majority of life cycle. It may attenuate or be replaced especially during adolescence but generally persist. In the adult new secure bases are formed. Attachment behaviour is directed at one, or a few individuals usually in order of preference. In the majority of children there are multiple attachment figures at the age of 18 months.
The age at which Erikson’s stage of industry vs. inferiority is seen:
Select one:
1. 9-19 years
2. 4 - 5 years
3. 30-50 years
4. 6 to 11 years
5. 3 - 4 years
6 to 11 years
Erikson’s fourth stage, Industry vs. Inferiority, occurs between six years and puberty. This is the period in which the child wants to enter the larger world of knowledge and work e.g. a school. Erikson said that successful experiences give the child a sense of industry, a feeling of competence and mastery, while failure gives them a sense of inadequacy and inferiority, a feeling that one is a good-for-nothing.
An animal behaviour in which an animal will follow the first moving object that it sees shortly after birth is called
Select one:
1. Cocooning
2. Fixating
3. Sojourning
4. Bonding
5. Imprinting
Imprinting
Imprinting was described by Konrad Lorenz.
What are the three components of psychic functioning defined in Freud’s structural theory?
Select one:
1. The oral, anal and oedipal
2. The conscious, superconscious and subconscious
3. The id, ego, and superego.
4. The conscious, unconscious and subconscious
5. The Eros, Thanatos and libido
The id, ego, and superego.
Freud developed the idea of distinguishing mental events on the basis of their accessibility to conscious awareness. This early, ‘topographic,’ theory of the mind was elaborated in 1900 in his book Interpretation of Dreams. With ‘The Ego and the Id’, (1923) Freud subsumed the topographic concepts Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious into the ‘structural’ concepts Ego, Id, and Superego.
Which one among the following has been used as a non-verbal method of assessing children’s cognitive abilities?
Select one:
1. Ability to draw human figures
2. Ability to draw dinosaurs
3. Ability to draw a fish
4. Ability to draw a cat
5. Ability to draw a bird
Ability to draw human figures
Children’s ability to draw human figures has been used as a non-verbal method of assessing children’s cognitive abilities. A standardised form of this is the good enough draw a man test. In this test, the children are asked to draw a man as best as they can and scored according to the guidelines provided in the test. The greater the details in the drawing, the greater the score. For Eg, a four year old’s drawings usually consist of two body parts, the head and arms (also called tadpole stage) whereas a six year old is able to draw a person with head, neck and hands.
Family instability affects the development of children at home. Which of the following is correct in this regard?
Select one:
1. Boys are less affected than girls
2. Hyperactive children are more affected than easy-going children
3. There is no effect on cognitive development
4. Younger children are less affected than older children
5. Psychosis is the most common effect
Hyperactive children are more affected than easy-going children
Family instability can affect children to various extent depending on sex (boys affected more than girls), age (younger affected more than older children), and temperament hyperactive affected more than placid). This has a demonstrable effect on a child’s cognitive achievements; the most common psychopathology noted is a behavioural difficulty.
Which one of the following is not considered to be a Neo-Freudian psychologist?
Select one:
1. Jean Piaget
2. Karen Horney
3. Erich Fromm
4. Alfred Adler
5. Harry Stack Sullivan.
Jean Piaget
Neo-Freudian psychologists were thinkers who agreed with the basis of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory but changed and adapted the theory to incorporate their own beliefs, ideas and theories. Piaget is not usually considered as a Freudian theorist.
In the strange situation test, the child undergoing the examination is rigid and frozen when mum returns and does not involve in seeking out contact with her. The attachment behaviour on display is best characterised as
Select one:
1. Disorganised attachment behaviour
2. Anxious avoidant behaviour
3. Anxious resistant behaviour
4. Absence of attachment behaviour
5. Securely attached
Disorganised attachment behaviour
Frozen and dazed look is associated with disorganized attachment behaviour.
Which of the following factors protects against child abuse in families?
Select one:
1. Personality disorder in parents
2. Young age of parents
3. History of childhood maltreatment in parents
4. Network of relatives
5. High expectation of parents
Network of relatives
Protective factors against child abuse include having emotionally satisfying relationships with a network of relatives or friends. Parents who were abused as children are less likely to abuse their own children if they have resolved internal conflicts and pain related to their history of abuse and if they have an intact, stable, supportive, and non-abusive relationship with their partner.
Three infants aged 3 months, 5 months and 12 months are present in a room with their mothers. When all three mothers attempt to leave the room, which of the following might happen?
- Select one:
- 5-months-old infant will cry
- All three infants will cry
- Depends on the degree of attachment
- 12-months-old infant will cry
- 3-months-old infant will cry
12-months-old infant will cry
Separation anxiety is seen at around age 12 months. This vignette is not about the security of attachment as children, irrespective of the degree of attachment, will show some separation anxiety.
Which one of the following types of infants poorly interact with the mother and do not appear particularly upset when left with a stranger?
Select one:
1. Securely attached infants
2. Disorganised infants
3. Anxious/resistant infants
4. Toddlers in daycare
5. Anxious/avoidant infants
Anxious/avoidant infants
This question also refers to anxious/avoidant infants. These children show an indifferent attitude to mother leaving the room or entering the room; keep playing indifferent to mother’s presence. They exhibit distress when alone, not when the mother is leaving. A stranger can comfort the child easily.
Who was the most important person in the following list to be associated with the object relations theory?
Select one:
1. Alfred Adler
2. Carl Gustav Jung
3. Sigmund Freud
4. Anna Freud
5. Melanie Klein
Melanie Klein
Klein, along with Sigmund Freud and W.R.D. Fairbairn, contributed ideas to make up what we now know as object relations. First Freud introduced the idea of object choice, which referred to a child’s earliest relationships with his caretakers. Such people were objects of his needs and desires. The relationship with them became internalized mental representations. Subsequently Melanie Klein coined the term part objects, for example the mother’s breast, which played an important role in early development and later in psychic disturbances, such as excessive preoccupation with certain body parts or aspects of a person as opposed to the whole person. Finally, Fairbairn and others developed the so-called object relations theory.
How many categories of temperament were identified by Thomas and Chess in New York Longitudinal
study?
Select one:
1. Three
2. Nine
3. Eight
4. Twelve
5. Six
Nine
New York Longitudinal Study was conducted by Thomas and Chess. It was a thirty years (initially six years) longitudinal study of 138 children, observing childhood temperaments during their infancy and followed up at 5, 18 and 22 years. The authors employed parental interviews to ascertain temperamental dimensions - 9 such dimensions have been used; Activity level, Rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal, adaptability, Intensity
of reactions, Threshold for responsiveness, quality of mood, distractibility and attention span / persistence.
Which period refers to the autistic phase of Margaret Mahler’s stages of child’s early development?
Select one:
1. 6-36 months
2. 12-24 months
3. 0-2 months
4. 6-12 months
5. 2-6 Months
0-2 months
Mahler’s theory for the developmental Phase is as follows: Autistic Phase: first 1 to 2 months. The infant is oblivious to everything but him/herself. Symbiotic Phase: Next 4 to 5 months. He/she begins to recognise others in his/her universe, not as separate beings, but as extensions of oneself.
Mahler is associated with
Select one:
1. Anal phase
2. Conventional morality
3. Autistic phase
4. Operational stage
5. Individuality vs. inferiority
Autistic phase
Mahler’s theory of development included the following 2 early phases:
Autistic Phase: first 1 to 2 months. The infant is oblivious to everything but himself.
Symbiotic Phase: Next 4 to 5 months. He begins to recognize others in his universe, not separate beings, but as extensions to himself.
‘This is an active process in which painful thoughts and memories are pushed to the inaccessible corners of the mind’. This statement refers to
Select one:
1. False memory syndrome
2. Regression
3. Re-integration
4. Retrieval failure
5. Repression
Repression
Sigmund Freud described the concept of repression. Here people unconsciously repress painful or disturbing memories and is normally taken to mean motivated forgetting.