Human Development Flashcards
Explain Theoretical Perspective
-infant perception begins with total confusion and become ordered with experience and environment
-infant lose abilities to detects certain sensory features that do not fit in their environment through perceptual narrowing
Method Evaluating Infant Sensory Capacities
- Electroencephalography (EEG)
-physiological method used to evaluate infant sensory capacities
-attaching sensors to baby’s head & measuring changes in brain waves in response to the presentation of different stimuli - Visual preference technique
-behavioral method used to evaluate infant sensory capacities
-presenting two different stimuli at once to determine if the baby displays a preference (looking at one longer than other) - Habituation
-repeated exposure
-eg. repeat the present of a thing and see baby will get bored or not
How Child sensing the environment?
- Hearing
-ability to response to sound
-fetuses respond to sound outside womb, newborns respond to sound immediately after birth
-baby prefer sound of human voice
-attuned to language sounds, especially infant-directed speech
-sensitivity to phonemes (smallest sound categories in human speech that distinguish meanings)
2.Vision
-anatomical visual system component present at birth but not fully developed
-visual blurry & eyes cannot form clear composite image because both of the eyes still haven’t coordinate enough
- Taste and Smell
-newborns respond to different tastes with distinctive facial expressions
-taste preference strongly affected by mother (because flavor transport through umbilical cord)
-responses involve cultural factors: mother’s prenatal diet
-preference toward maternal breast odor & reactions to pleasant/unpleasant odors - Multimodal Perception
-ability to perceive an object or event by more than one sensory system simultaneously
-continues to develops as the child’s mature
-new born baby suck rubber toy (they never see the toy after the toy come out from the mouth)
-connection of vision and sense of touch
-serve as vehicle for learning in first hours in life
Explanation of language acquisitions
Biological Explanations
-children able to acquire language on the basis of limited input
-no need too much input
-human brain is hardwired to learn a new language that follows certain universal rules
-Chomsky: language acquisition device
-specific grammar rules (the order of elements in a sentence)
Explanation of language acquisitions
Social and Cultural Explanations
-children acquire language in the process of using it in a particular sociocultural environment
-involves recurrent socially patterned parent-child activities called formats
-formatted events within which children acquire language are called language support system (LASS)
-focus on mother-child joint attention influences language development
Explanation of language acquisitions
Constructivist
-due to cognitive development
-the better the cognitive development, the better the language development
-young children’s emerging language abilities relate to development in other areas
-Piagetian perspective
-egocentrism wanes
-overtime egocentric become less when you grow up
-collective monologues give way to dialogue
-collective monologues: young children voice out their own thoughts without attending what the others saying
-Vygotsky
-egocentric talk is a result of children inability to consider the perspective of another
-inner speech/think out loud
-you will have egocentric to understand your own thoughts
-egocentric internalised and they will now show it out
-Dynamic Systems Approach
-emergence of language highly related to cognitive development and social experiences
-what is cognition: development of how a person thinks, explores and figures things out.
-social experiences: interaction in environment
-combination of two factors makes dynamic system approach
Definition of Concrete-Operations
-coordinated mental actions that allow children to mentally combine, separate, order and transform concrete objects & events experienced directly
-children behaviours become more organized, flexible, predictable
Key concepts of concrete operational development
- Conservation
-conservation of number
-recognizing the one-to-one correspondence between sets of objects of equal number
-use logic alone
-conservation of volume
-understanding that the amount of liquid in container remains the same despite being poured into a differently shaped container
-used of identity, compensation & reversibility
- Classification
-relationship between a superordinate class and its subclasses
-relation of inclusion
-categorizing objects according to multiple criteria - Planning
-forming mental representations of actions needed to achieve goal
-decentering, considering multiple variables, thinking flexibly needed for effective planning (cognitive development) - Metacognition
-ability to think one’s own thinking
-increase ability to track goal success and modify strategies
Alternative form of classroom instruction
What is the classroom design for
-figure out how to design instructions more effectively
-make sure students understand
How Standard classroom looks like
-the ways of education is more passive
-teacher give us information directly
Alternative form students actively learning by themselves, actively participating
- Reciprocal Teaching
-involves method of teaching reading, teachers & students read segments of text & take turn leading discussions of their meaning
-take turn discuss interpretation of context
-teacher will asking questions about the contents (summarizing, clarifying, predicting narrative progression)
-produces rapid & lasting increases in children’s reading skills - Realistic Mathematics Education
-involves approach to mathematics education that focuses on developing conceptual understanding as well as basic skills
-uses meaningful problem-oriented activities
-supports basic mathematical skills
-employs models in educational activity - Playworld Practice
-approach that involves enacting, making art, playing with themes based on children’s literature
-based on developmental theory emphasizing the importance of play
-generate large increases in children’s language skills
