Human Development

Question 1

Positive reinforcement

Answer 1

Increases probability that behaviour will occur. Praising, giving tokens, otherwise rewarding positive behaviour

Question 2

negative reinforcement

Answer 2

behaviour increase because a negative (adverse) stimulus is removed (ie, removed shock)

Question 3

positive punishment

Answer 3

presentation of undesirable stimulus following a behaviour for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behaviour (ie. hitting, shocking)

Question 4

negative punishment

Answer 4

removal of a desirable stimulus following a behaviour for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behaviour (ie. removing something positive, such as a token or dessert; using a timeout)

Question 5

flooding

Answer 5

treatment procedure in which a clients anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high - intensity feared stimuli

Question 6

in vivo desensitization

Answer 6

pairing + movement through a hierarchy of anxiety, from least to most anxiety - provoking situations; takes place in “real setting”

Question 7

rational emotive therapy (RET)

Answer 7

cognitively oriented therapy in which a SWer seeks to change a clients irrational beliefs by argument, persuasion, and rational reevaluation and by teaching a client to counter self - defeating thinking with new, non distressing self - statements

Question 8

systematic desensitization

Answer 8

anxiety - inhibiting response cannot occur at same time as anxiety response. Anxiety producing stimulus is paired w/relaxation producing response so that eventually an. anxiety producing stimulus produces a relaxation response

Question 9

Steps of classical model of cultural, racial, and ethic identity development

Answer 9

-preencounter
-encounter
-immersion - emersion
-internalization + commitment