Human Development Flashcards

Question

Defense Mechanism - Devaluation

Answer 1

\*BPD \*Opposite of Idealization \*Exaggerated/negative qualities to another “All Bad” Johnny Depp/Amber Heard Trial - He's so horrible - it was all his fault - he has no positive qualities

Answer 2

Directing an impulse/feeling toward a person/situation that is unrelated EX - A man who is having problems at work finds that he is yelling at his children more and has begun to have marital issues with his wife.

Answer 3

\*Split mental functions \*Not connected to self or reality

Answer 4

\*Idolize \*Overly admiring a quality about a person EX - Narcissistic dad - kids still idolize him like he's the greatest person - nothing is wrong with him

Answer 5

\*Person Identifies with another individual \*Makes themself like that person \*Superego development EX - relationship chameleon - all of a sudden likes football, cars, and steak because their boyfriend does. Now girlfriend identifies will all those interests

Answer 6

\*Mastering anxiety by identifying with a powerful aggressor \*Usually involves behaving like aggressor EX - Child who is abused - is a bully at school

Answer 7

\*Representation of a person is figuratively ingested

Answer 8

\*Unable to engage \*Activity avoided - it might cause conflict something that holds you back from doing something you want to do EX - You want to go to the beach - you don't like your body and hate wearing a swimsuit - so you don't go to the beach

Answer 9

\*Avoids emotions by focusing on facts/logic \*Focus = words - not feelings EX - client has recently learned that her child has been diagnosed with a life-threatening condition. For an hour, she talks to the social worker in detail about the medical condition without showing any emotion.

Answer 10

\*Opposite of Projection \*Internalizes ideas/beliefs of other people EX - Dad saying "boys dont cry"

Answer 11

\*Unacceptable impulse/idea - separated from original memory source \*don't have to feel negative emotion that came with the impulse Lisa gets ritalin again - shame/guilt about past - ignores those feelings and only focuses on the positive

Answer 12

\*Pushing one's disowned thoughts/beliefs to another person EX - Deon accusing me of cheating - when in reality he was cheating

Answer 13

\*BPD \*experienced by the person being projected on to \*person identifies with the projection being pushed on them by another person \*Self fulfilling prophecy for projector EX - Deon accusing me of cheating - Projective Identification would be if I then went around and cheated on him

Answer 14

\*Believable explanation for irrational behavior EX - Amanda's client sent text saying he fucked a dog following day - said he said he was drunk and just wanted attention

Answer 15

\*Person adopts ideas, attitudes, behaviors that are opposite of person's actual feelings EX - A woman has strong feelings of resentment toward her sister. These feelings are rooted in her childhood and she has always believed that her sister was a mean person. However, throughout her childhood, she reports being inseparable from her sister and “doing everything together.” She also reports buying a necklace for her recently that states “Best Sister Ever.”

Answer 16

\*Return to more childlike thinking/reacting EX - being needy when sick

Answer 17

\*Forgetting/Amnesia \*Banish unacceptable ideas, fantasies, impulses EX - Bates Motel - Norman would murder by night - wake up the next day and have no idea what happened.

Answer 18

\*BPD \*perceives self/others as “all good” or “all bad”

Answer 19

Negative feelings/behaviors diverted to socially acceptable channels EX - Gaby has anger issues - does Karate

Answer 20

\*Unconscious Unattainable/unacceptable goal, emotion, object replaced by something attainable/acceptable EX - Lisa's Dating Life Lisa wants boyfriend who is outdoorsy & sexual Unconiously changes goals once meeting man and dates sexless indoor boys

Answer 21

\*Turning internal conflict into symbols \*Dreams EX - Soldier has been stationed overseas to fight in the war - instead of taking that fact in, soldier says i'm off to “Protect the Flag”

Answer 22

\*Taking ownership of another person's negative behavior EX - when the wife states loud and clear that her husband is not to blame for his infidelity, that it is her fault as she did not communicate enough with him.

Answer 23

\*Person uses words/actions to symbolically reverse unacceptable thoughts/feelings EX - Compulsively washing hands to deal with obsessive thoughts

Answer 24

\*Issues of power/privilege \*Focus of intervention = relations between client and the client's environment (people, organizations, resources)

Answer 25

**\*Trust vs. Mistrust** Trust = Child builds confidence Mistrust = Fear/anxiety of world **\*Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt** Autonomy - supported independence = confident in ability to survive Shame/Doubt - criticized/overly controlled = dependent on others/lack self esteem/shame about own abilities Child asserts independence [ex- walking away from mom/choosing what toy to play with/what to wear) **\*Initiative vs. Guilt** Initiative = secure in ability to lead others/make decisions Guilt = guilt in being a follower [ex - plan activities/make up games] **Industry vs. Inferiority** Industry = pride in accomplishments - ability to achieve goals Inferiority = feel inferior/doubt abilities/failing to reach full potential **Identity vs. Role Confusion** Identity = Begin to form identity based on explorations Role Confusion = Confusion about self/role in the world **Intimacy vs. Isolation** Intimacy = Sense of commitment/safety Isolation = Avoiding intimacy/fearing commitment explore relationships outside of family **Generativity Vs. Stagnation** Generativity = Give back to society by raising children/being productive at work/involved in activities Stagnation = Individual feels stagnant/unproductive Starting jobs/Families/Sense of being a part of the bigger picture **Ego Integrity vs. Despair** Ego Integrity - proud of life accomplishments Despair - Unproductive/Failed to accomplish life goals Reflect on life

Answer 26

One's own culture/race is superior to others

Answer 27

- Withholding reinforcer that follows a behavior - Behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will eventually stop EX - 16 year old is being bullied. in the past, he would cry when teased causing his peers to laugh - SW instructs client to walk away when teasing starts Withholding reinforcer (crying) bullying will eventually stop

Answer 28

\*Focus on family as whole - not individual members \*All parts of family are interrelated \*Families strive for balance/homeostasis

Answer 29

\*Families organize themselves into smaller units \*Units have different tasks

Answer 30

- Treatment for Anxiety - Exposure to prolonged/high intensity feared stimuli EX - Sara in a tub of snakes

Answer 31

\*Boys/Girls learn behavior based on social environment

Answer 32

Conections of persons across the world EX - human trafficking - environmental issues

Answer 33

\*Group decision making \*Discussion strengthens a point of view \*Results in shift to more extreme position than any members would have adopted on their own EX - Proud Boys - Insurrection on January 6th

Answer 34

Group makes faulty decisions based on group pressures EX - cops actions in school shooting

Answer 35

-Pairing & movement through least - to most anxiety provoking situations \*EX - someone afraid of dogs - take steps to slowly expose themselves to large groups of dogs

Answer 36

Bottom - Top - Psychological - food, water, shelter - Safety - safe from harm/danger/threat - Social - friendship/intimacy/affection/love needed from family, romantic partners, colleagues - Esteem - self respect & respect from others -Self Actualization - clients full potential

Answer 37

Method of teaching Individual demonstrates the behavior to be learned in front of the client

Answer 38

\*Preconventional - Before age 9 - Stage 1 - Obeys out of fear of punishment - Stage 2 - Behaves well to receive rewards \*Conventional - Early Adolescents - Stage 3 - Acts to gain approval "good girl" - Stage 4 - Obeys Rules/Laws - Avoids Guilt \*Post Conventional - Adult (not reached by most) -Stage 5 - Concerned with other's welfare/rights -Being morally right Stage 6 - Guided by individual principles -Concern for larger/universal issues of morality

Answer 39

**\*Authoritarian** - EX - Albinas - Strict rules resulting in punishment - Children are obedient but have low self esteem and happiness **\*Authoritative - Howards** - set rules followed by nurturing and forgiveness - listen to children - Children are happy/capable **\*Permissive - Anna Marie Kraus** - Very few demands on kids - Kids preform poorly in school - problems with self regulation **\*Uninvolved - Dylan's mom** - Few demands & little communication - Rank lowest

Answer 40

What is responsible for a client's Personality? ## Footnote **\*Biological** - Genetics **\*Behavioral** - Interacting w. the environment **\*Psychodynamic** - Unconscious mind **\*Humanist -** Free will **\*Trait -** Born with broad/stable characteristics

Answer 41

\*Society of diverse members working together \*Value differences

Answer 42

PP - Presentation of undesirable stimulus following a behavior -Purpose = decrease/eliminate that behavior EX - Spanking NP - Removal of desirable stimulus following a behavior -Purpose = decrease/eliminate that behavior EX - Taking away ice cream after dinner

Answer 43

**PR** = Behavior increases by rewarding positive behavior \*EX - Sylvan Tokens **NR** = Behavior increases because something negative is removed \*EX - husband hates his wife nagging him about doing yard work wife stops nagging husband starts doing yard work more

Answer 44

\*Role play in a group setting \*Members recreate their problems

Answer 45

A. Cocaine

Answer 46

Intellectualization is when a person avoids uncomfortable emotions by focusing on facts and logic. In this instance, the client is not dealing with the emotions associated with this recent diagnosis, but instead focused on the rational medical details of the condition.

Answer 47

B. Role Discomplementarity

Answer 48

“Ego alien” means these feelings are experienced as being alien to the ego and not consistent with the client’s interests, conflicting with the rest of her view of herself.

Answer 49

Cognitive dissonance Cognitive dissonance is a state of conflict in the mind, whereby two opposing views are present at the same time. It suggests that the mind naturally wants to eliminate dissonance whenever possible and does so by justifying or changing attitudes and beliefs. Cognitive dissonance is extremely powerful, so justification is used to reduce it

Answer 50

he insurance provider must authorize these tests in order for them to be completed. Although there may be some procedures for ensuring preauthorization by the client’s insurance in order for the tests to be covered, they can be performed without the insurance company’s consent.

Answer 51

D. determine what support is needed to prepare the client for this meeting with her priest

Answer 52

A. Symbolization

Answer 53

A. Displacement

Answer 54

Assess changes in her life circumstances before and after the death Grief can be manifested in many ways. For some, the mourning process is protracted and for others, it is not. The lack of emotion by the client in the vignette may or may not be a problem. The client may have acknowledged the reality of the loss and been able to find meaning in her life despite the death. The question is focused on understanding the impact of the death on the client’s current functioning. To assess or evaluate the effects, it is necessary to determine her level of functioning before and after the death. Without information about the client’s well-being before the death, it is impossible to determine whether there have been issues due to unresolved grief.

Answer 55

Latent content Latent content is that which is not visible, such as the underlying meaning or themes of the words or terms used.

Answer 56

Aversion therapy aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a stimulus or a behavior by pairing it with an aversive stimulus. An example of this technique is treating alcoholism with Antabuse.

Answer 57

D. client is likely to experience stigma, bias, and/or discrimination as a result of his/her gender identity

Answer 58

C. negative reinforcement

Answer 59

C. Authoritarian

Answer 60

negative reinforcement behavior increases because negative (aversive) stimulus (i.e., nagging) is removed. The word “negative” does not mean bad, but rather “removal.” In positive reinforcement, a behavior increases because of the introduction (positive) of something desirable to reward it.

Answer 61

B. Arrange for him to see a physician to address physical concerns

Answer 62

A. Generativity v. Stagnation

Answer 63

Entropy Entropy is a closed system, whereas negative entropy is the opposite (an exchange of energy and resources to promote growth). In this example, the married couple is not using personal resources to ensure the health of their relationship.

Answer 64

Formal operations The formal operations stage begins at about age 11 and is characterized by a higher level of abstraction, assuming adult roles, and thinking hypothetically.

Answer 65

B. the grandparents are an important part of the boy's support system and should be incorporated in the treatment plan

Answer 66

Groupthink Is when a group makes faulty decisions because of group pressures. Groups affected by groupthink ignore alternatives and tend to take irrational actions that dehumanize other groups. A group is especially vulnerable to groupthink when its members are similar in background, when the group is insulated from outside opinions, and when there are no clear rules for decision making.

Answer 67

B. Equfinality

Answer 68

C. Regression

Answer 69

Reaction formation is when a client adopts attitudes or engages in behaviors that are the opposite of his or her unconscious belief. The behavior of the woman growing up and recently is in contrast to the way in which she feels about her sister.

Answer 70

A. Attachment - Autonomy - Intimacy

Answer 71

Genital The genital stage begins in puberty and the source of pleasure is the genitals. Sexual urges return after being dormant during the latency stage, which begins at about age 5.

Answer 72

[D.Methods to control aggressive drives](https://examprepconnect.springerpub.com/app/social-work-licensing-masters-exam-guide-3rd-ed#) As a result of receiving empathic responses from early caretakers, a child’s needs are met and the child develops a strong sense of self. The needs of a child are mirroring (C), idealization (B), and twinship (A).

Answer 73

A. Adjusting to children taking a more central role in family maintenance

Answer 74

B. One culture incorporating elements, such as attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors, of another culture into its own ways

Answer 75

B. Physical symptoms associated with alcohol withdrawal

Answer 76

Ask the client if there is something that is bothering her There is no indication that this behavior is typical. Nonverbal communication can be very powerful. Her behavior may be the result of something that she is reluctant to discuss. Asking her if something is bothering her will give the client an opening to disclose it to the social worker.

Answer 77

C. New mother who have suffered postpartum depression

Answer 78

B. Preoperational

Answer 79

D. Get others to laugh as a way of drawing attention away from family problems

Answer 80

A. Dynamic risk factors

Answer 81

D. Psychiatric pathology

Answer 82

C. Focus on preventing mental deficiency

Answer 83

Report the incident to the child protection agency A social worker is a mandatory reporter and must contact the child protection agency that is trained to conduct the investigation and determine the child’s credibility. The social worker must report even when a colleague or supervisor does not have the same reasonable suspicion.

Answer 84

C. Industry v. Inferiority

Answer 85

C. Extinction

Answer 86

Report the incident to the authorities Failing to provide appropriate health care, including dental care and refusal of care or ignoring medical recommendations, is considered neglect and should be reported to the authorities immediately for further investigation. It is not the role of the social worker to investigate the allegations. As there are many names for child protection organizations, generic terms such as “the authorities” may be used in examination questions. The child is no longer in the program and it is not the social worker’s role to determine the factors which have caused the neglect.

Answer 87

1. Explain that the behaviors are associated with the preoperational thought stage of cognitive development Magical thinking is a hallmark of Piaget’s preoperational thought stage. Understanding that children learn through this process, and that it is typical, may assist the mother in better coping with this behavior. There is no indication that there are any mental health issues, so the social worker should not see the child or take other action based on this report alone.

Answer 88

Industry versus inferiority—From age 6 to puberty, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments. If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals. If this initiative is not encouraged and is restricted, children begin to feel inferior, doubting their abilities.

Answer 89

Mimicking another’s speech Echolalia is repeating noises and phrases. It is sometimes associated with Catatonia, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Schizophrenia, and other disorders.

Answer 90

A. Randomness or disorder in a system, leading to decline

Answer 91

Integrated being Individuals usually begin unwilling to accept a will greater than their own and are extremely egotistical. They then move to conforming and having blind faith. In this second stage, things are seen dichotomously—as right or wrong. Individuals then come to develop a deeper understanding of good and evil and do not accept blind faith, but integrate their beliefs into their larger worldview and behaviors.

Answer 92

Report must be made as soon as possible to the abuse hotline. Suspected child abuse must be reported to the authorities (e.g., the child protection agency) immediately. Many jurisdictions have hotline systems to make such reports easier. While the 2018 *NASW Code of Ethics* states that best practice is to disclose the need to make such reports to clients when feasible, assent (the willingness to have these reports made) and consent (a legal term authorizing their report) are not needed. Supervision is also not required to corroborate signs of abuse. If a social worker suspects abuse, he or she has a duty to report it as soon as possible.

Answer 93

Report the conversation immediately to child protective services Social workers are mandatory reporters and must not delay in reporting or investigating such an incident themselves. All suspected abuse situations should be reported to the child protection agency immediately.

Answer 94

Child(ren) must be removed from his or her care to ensure protection from harm. Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a mental health problem in which a caregiver makes up or causes an illness or injury in a person under his or her care, such as a child, an elderly adult, or a person who has a disability. Because vulnerable people are the victims, it is a form of abuse. Most instances are between mothers and children. Caregivers may lie about symptoms, change test results to make victims appear ill, or physically harm to produce symptoms.*Victims need to be protected. They need to be immediately removed from direct care and may require medical care to treat complications from injuries, infections, medicines, surgeries, or tests*. Because this is a form of abuse, the syndrome must be reported to the authorities.

Answer 95

A. The continue to learn, but may experience declines in memory skills

Answer 96

A husband complains that his wife does not take responsibility for keeping the house clean and a wife is upset that her husband does not financially provide for the family. Role discomplementarity results when roles conflict or when the role expectations of others differ from one’s own. In this situation, the husband and wife do not have the same expectations with regard to the tasks for which each other should be responsible.

Answer 97

C. mother with relationship problems who is repeatedly emotionally comforted by her 11-year-old daughter A role reversal is when two people switch or reverse roles. In this answer, the mother is emotionally dependent and the child is the comforter. These behaviors are usually reversed in a parent–child relationship. The other response choices may relate to roles, but are not reversals.

Answer 98

Children from affluent households receive a better public education than those from low-income households. Stratification refers to structured inequality of entire categories of people in society who have unequal access to social rewards. Stratification applies to individuals based on ethnic and racial background, social status, and/or other factors.

Answer 99

Referring a client to another social worker based on his or her cultural background

Answer 100

Ensuring employees get a copy of the professional code of ethics to review upon hiring and as needed thereafter

Answer 101

C. walking away from someone when angry

Answer 102

Need for informed consent procedures

Answer 103

Castration Freud’s psychosexual stages were oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. They began in infancy and went through puberty into adulthood. Castration anxiety is a child’s fear that his penis will be cut off for desiring his mother. It is not one of the five stages.

Answer 104

Affective The six levels of cognition are, in sequential order—knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Teaching techniques should match the cognitive objective, such as knowing specific facts, theories, or information (knowledge) or creating something new/integrating it into a solution (synthesis). Learning aimed at judging the quality of something is known as evaluation.

Answer 105

A. Attachment and bonding are best viewed separately from a client's culture because the theoretical approaches are universal

Answer 106

A. Humanistic

Answer 107

Pansexual refers to being attracted to individuals outside or independent of gender.

Answer 108

Displacement Displacement is directing an impulse, wish, or feeling toward another person or situation that is less threatening. The man unconsciously realizes that he cannot express his anger on the job or it may have negative consequences, so he goes home and yells at his wife and children.

Answer 109

Work with the client on addressing the impacts of this prognosis on his or her psychological and spiritual well-being A systems approach states that all parts of well-being are interrelated or interconnected. Thus, a change in physical health will impact on psychological and spiritual functioning. The treatment should not focus on just the health issues, but ensure that these other areas are considered.

Answer 110

C. Preaffiliation, power and control, intimacy, differentiation, separation/termination

Answer 111

B. 13 year old girl physically and emotionally taking care of her father who was permanently injured in an accident

Answer 112

Physical appearance tied to personal value If a client believes that his or her physical appearance is linked to his or her value, negative body image is likely to emerge. A client’s self-worth should not be defined by appearance.

Answer 113

Feeling disconnected All of the options are signs of trauma, but B is an emotional and psychological symptom. It is not physical.

Answer 114

D. Diabetes

Answer 115

For the system to be effective, a substantial number of points or rewards must be taken away for undesirable behavior. Some token economies do not include the removal of points for undesirable behavior. They only provide points or rewards when the targeted behavior is exhibited. Even when points are deducted for undesired behavior, it is usually done in a manner in which the client does not lose a substantial number because this may make the client feel hopeless or that the lost points cannot be regained by exhibiting positive behavior in the future.

Answer 116

B. the co-occurrence of mental health and substance use disorders that do not meet the diagnostic threshold should not be treated in the same manner as those that do

Answer 117

Groups make faulty decisions because they ignore alternatives due to group pressures. Groupthink is when a group makes faulty decisions based on group pressures. Groups affected by groupthink ignore alternatives and tend to take irrational actions. A group is especially vulnerable to groupthink when its members are similar in background, when the group is insulated from outside opinions, and when there are no clear rules for decision making.

Answer 118

A stage in childhood development where a small child needs reassurance from a caregiver This stage in object relations theory generally occurs prior to the second birthday when a small child wants to once again become closer to the caregiver, realizing that mobility causes separateness. The child realizes that the caregiver is a separate entity and needs reassurance.

Answer 119

Humans are sexual beings throughout life. Humans are sexual throughout the life course. Children are sexual even before birth, with males sometimes having erections in the uterus. Same-gender sexual behavior during childhood can occur as boys and girls tend to play with friends of the same gender. It is not related to sexual orientation or to whom individuals are attracted. It usually results out of exploration and access. Although there may be physiological changes that occur in older adults, they do not lose their desire to be sexual.

Answer 120

B. individuals who are the same race may or may not be part of the same ethnic group

Answer 121

B. They are challenged to develop identities with few role models

Answer 122

C. Antabuse

Answer 123

A. Uninvolved

Answer 124

Generativity versus stagnation During middle adulthood, individuals should develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture, as well as giving back to society. By failing to achieve these objectives, individuals become stagnant and self-absorbed.

Answer 125

The ways in which races have been defined have been fixed over time. Racial definitions have changed over time—they were once based on ethnicity or nationality, religion, and so on, but are now primarily defined by skin color. Cultural, racial, and ethnic identities are passed on through customs, traditions, language, religious practice, and values. Individuals can be the same race, but different ethnicities (i.e., White and Irish or Polish).

Answer 126

They emphasize unconscious motives and desires, as well as the importance of childhood experiences, in shaping personality. Psychodynamic theories explain the origin of the personality. Although many different psychodynamic theories exist, they all emphasize unconscious motives and desires, as well as the importance of childhood experiences in shaping personality.

Answer 127

C. Conversion

Answer 128

Change a client's irrational beliefs by - Argument - Persuasion - Rational Evaluation Teaches client to: Counter negative thinking with positive self statements

Answer 129

When a client 's attitudes/behaviors are the opposite of their actual belief EX - little sister has resentment towards older sister for bullying her growing up little sister gave big sister a necklace that says “best sister ever”

Answer 130

Conflicting Expectations EX - Boss who is a supervisor and friend to an employee (Holly Henderson & Elizabeth Dunwoody) needs to be professional - but thats also their friend

Answer 131

Lack of clarity of role EX - person starts new job and is unsure of her duties

Answer 132

Role carried out in expected way EX - parent-child or Social worker-client

Answer 133

Role expectations of others differ from one's own EX - A husband complains that his wife does not take responsibility for keeping the house clean and a wife is upset that her husband does not financially provide for the family.

Answer 134

When individuals switch roles EX = mother with relationship problems who is repeatedly emotionally comforted by her 11-year-old daughter

Answer 135

Teaches new behavior by prompting/reinforcing any response that comes close to the desired outcome

Answer 136

1. Knowledge 2. Comprehension 3. Application 4. Analysis 5. Synthesis 6. Evaluation

Answer 137

totaling potential benefits and losses to determine behavior EX - Clients in battering relationships will not leave until the benefits exceed the risks

Answer 138

\*Boys/Girls learn behavior based on socially constructed gender roles \*division of labor - creates gender roles - which leads to gendered behavior

Answer 139

**Static Risk Factors** - Factors that **CANNOT** be changed by interventions EX - past history of violent behavior/demographics **Dynamic Risk Factors** - Factors that **CAN** be changed by interventions EX - Treatment of psychiatric symptoms/abstaining from Substance use/access to weapons

Answer 140

\*Structured inequality of entire groups of people EX of social stratification - Children from affluent households receive a better public education than those from low-income households.

Answer 141

Something that causes anxiety is paired with something relaxing - Eventually that anxious situation is now relaxing EX - fear of crowds - deep breathing when even thinking about crowds

Answer 142

-Views human behavior through larger context **Applications to Social Work** Need to understand interactions between micro/mezzo/macro Problems at one part of system - may have come from another Ecomaps/Genograms useful tool to understand systems PIE (Person in environment)

Answer 143

**\*Closed** - Uses up its energy and dies **\*Open** - Cross-boundary exchange ![]()

Answer 144

Structure/Function

Answer 145

**\*Entropy** - Closed/Disorganized/Stagnant - Using up available energy EX - A married couple reports that they feel disconnected from one another and rarely speak or provide each other with any kind of support **\*Negative Entropy** - Exchange of energy/resources between systems - Promotes growth/transformation

Answer 146

Arriving at same end - From different beginnings

Answer 147

-Steady state

Answer 148

**\*Input** -Obtaining resources from environment **\*Output** -Part of system that exports to the environment **\*Throughput** -Energy integrated into other systems

Answer 149

\*Negative punishment technique \*Removing something desirable

Answer 150

\*Client receives tokens as positive reinforcement for specific behaviors \*Tokens function as currency in that environment

Answer 151

\*Alcohol abuse