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Geography (3.3) > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of ‘development’?

A

The use of resources, natural and human, in order to achieve a higher standard of living.

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2
Q

What is the definition of ‘MEDC’?

A

A more economically developed country — one that is ranked ‘(very) high’ on the HDI report.

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3
Q

What is the definition of ‘LEDC’?

A

A less economically developed country — one that is ranked ‘medium’ on the HDI report.

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4
Q

What is the definition of ‘development indicators’? what are the kinds? how many are there?

A

Data used to compare how developed different countries or areas are.
Two kinds.
Social (quality of life) and economic (finance) indicators are both important and are often used in conjunction with one another.

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5
Q

What is the definition of ‘HDI’?

A

Human Development Index, an important and well-known composite development indicator whose data is collated by the UN. It combines health (life expectancy), wealth (GNI per capita) and education (average expected years (for children) and mean years (for adults)) indicators to compare and contrast different countries.

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6
Q

What is the definition of ‘GDP per capita’?

A

GDP, or Gross Domestic Product, per capita is the combined value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a year divided by the population to give an average amount of money per person. It is also known as GNP (Gross National Product) or GNI (Gross National Index) per capita. It can be nominal or PPP (purchasing power parity).

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7
Q

What is the definition of ‘life expectancy’?

A

The average amount of years that a newborn can expect to live.

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8
Q

What is the definition of ‘HIV’?

A

The human immunodeficiency virus. It is a deadly virus that lies dormant in white blood cells before being ‘triggered’ and gradually destroying the body’s immune system and exposing it to other, fatal diseases. It is passed through blood (rarer than the other two), breast milk and sexual fluids. Saliva, urine, vomit, bile, diarrhœa, etc. are unlikely to pass HIV on.

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9
Q

What is the definition of ‘AIDS’?

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. This is later stage of infection with HIV, whereby the immune system is destroyed.

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10
Q

What is the definition of ‘ARVD’?

A

Antiretroviral drugs. They function as effective treatment (not cures) for HIV/AIDS.

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11
Q

What is the definition of ‘NGO’?

A

Non-governmental organisation: a charity, e.g. Oxfam.

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12
Q

What is the definition of ‘shanty town’?

A

An informal, makeshift settlement that is built by the people who live there without permission from the lawful owners. They are similar to slums and usually have horrendous squalor.

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13
Q

What is the definition of ‘absolute poverty’?

A

Poverty defined as lacking the minimum requirements necessary to maintain a healthy human life.

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14
Q

What is the definition of ‘consensual poverty’?

A

Poverty based on a consensus defining minimum needs — those without all/most needs are defined as living in poverty.

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15
Q

What is the definition of ‘relative poverty’?

A

Poverty defined in relation to a generally accepted standard of living in a particular society at a specific time.

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16
Q

What is the definition of ‘sanitation’?

A

The provision of water and the removal of waste (sewage and refuse facilities).

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17
Q

What is the definition of ‘Kibera’?

A

A shanty town in Nairobi, the Kenyan capital; our case study.

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18
Q

What is the definition of ‘LDC’?

A

Least Developed Country — one that is ranked low on the Human Development Index.

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19
Q

What is the definition of ‘NIC’?

A

Newly Industrialised Country — LEDCs with much higher economic growth than other LEDCs and in which many facets of society are changing due to industrialisation.

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20
Q

Where is Morocco? Tunisia? Egypt? Ethiopia? Kenya? Uganda? Madagascar? Tanzania? Zimbabwe? South Africa? Ghana? Mali? Mauritania?

A

Refer to physical flashcard.

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21
Q

What do social indicators show?

A

Quality of life: health, education, food consumption, etc.

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22
Q

What do economic indicators show?

A

Wealth: economy, finance, etc.

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23
Q

Is literacy rate a social or economic indicator? what does it show?

A 
Social.
Education.
School leaving age.
Amount of schools.
Social/cultural attitudes to education.
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24
Q

Is infant mortality a social or economic indicator? what does it show?

A 
Social.
Standard of neonatal + pregnancy care.
Disease levels.
Incubator amount.
Healthy mother amount.
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25
Q

Is life expectancy a social or economic indicator? what does it show?

A

Social.
Healthcare standard.
Disease levels.

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26
Q

Is ‘toilets per 1,000’ a social or economic indicator? what does it show?

A

Social.

Access to sanitation.

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27
Q

Is GDP per capita a social or economic indicator? what does it show?

A 
Economic.
Disposable income.
Wealth.
Employment.
Life choices.
Children’s life chances.
[NB: BE CAREFUL — averages can mislead.]
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28
Q

Is ‘phones per 1,000’ a social or economic indicator? what does it show?

A

Economic.
Disposable income.
Wealth.

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29
Q

Is daily calorie consumption a social or economic indicator? what does it show?

A

Both.
Disposable income.
Wealth.
Cultural/social attitudes to food.

30
Q

Is ‘% w/ access to clean, safe water’ a social or economic indicator? what does it show?

A

Both.
Sanitation access.
Wealth.

31
Q

Is ‘% employed in primary industry’ a social or economic indicator? what does it show?

A 
Both.
General employment levels.
Wealth.
Industrialisation.
Social/cultural attitudes to education.
32
Q

Is ‘women’s earnings as a % of men’s’ a social or economic indicator? what does it show?

A 
Both.
Existence of glass ceiling.
Employment levels.
Education.
Social/cultural attitudes to female employment.
33
Q

Is ‘people per doctor’ a social or economic indicator? what does it show?

A

Both.
Difficulty of access to healthcare.
School/university fee amounts.
Existence of free healthcare (or lack thereof).

34
Q

Is ‘newspapers per 1,000’ a social or economic indicator? what does it show?

A 
Both.
Wealth.
Literacy rate.
Freedom of media expression.
[NB: BE CAREFUL — soon redundant.]
35
Q

Is ‘televisions per 1,000’ a social or economic indicator? what does it show?

A

Both.
Disposable income.
Wealth.
Freedom of media expression.

36
Q

Is ‘internet access per 1,000’ a social or economic indicator? what does it show?

A

Both.
Disposable income.
Wealth.
Freedom of expression.

37
Q

Who publishes the HDI?

A

The UN.

It was invented by Mahbub ul Haq, a Pakistani.

38
Q

Why is the HDI so popular?

A 
It is:
 — quick,
 — easy-to-use,
 — useful,
 — composite.
39
Q

Which indicators does the HDI combine? how many are there?

A 
Four.
GNI (PPP) per capita (wealth)
Life expectancy (health)
Average expected years for children (education)
Mean years for adults (education)
40
Q

What are the scores between for the HDI?

A

0 (least development possible) and 1 (most development possible).

41
Q

What are the levels of development in the HDI system? how many are there?

A 
Four: 
V. high (0.8-1)
High (0.7-0.799)
Medium (0.55-0.699)
Low (0-0.549)
42
Q

What are the kinds of factor that can slow development? how many are there?

A

Three:
— socio-politic-economic
— historical
— geo-environmental

43
Q

How do war and terrorism slow development? what kind of factor is it?

A

Socio-politic-economic.
Kill workers/children (the future)
Conscription affects education
Distress/poor mental health
Disruption to education — affects jobs — disruption to education (i.e. vicious cycle)
GDP lowered
Valuable money directed towards defence/arms instead of education/healthcare/etc.
Buildings destroyed — must be rebuilt — costs money.

44
Q

How does disease slow development? which specific diseases especially? what kind of factor is it?

A

Socio-politico-economic.
Specifically, AIDS and malaria are the worst.
Poor workers.
Orphaned children with neither education nor parents — cannot pay for education.
Healthcare strain — more workers needed — potential workers are worried about job — strain (vicious cycle).
Potential workers may be unpaid caters for the sick.

45
Q

How does dirty water slow development? what kind of factor is it?

A

Geo-environmental.
Serious illness/death.
Healthcare strain.
Poor workers.

46
Q

How do drought and famine slow development? what kind of factor is it?

A 
Geo-environmental.
Little food/drink.
Poor workers.
Poor soil.
Few exports.
Few resources.
Overworked healthcare system.
Children (the future) dead/orphaned.
Animals die — even less food.
Farmers unable to sell food for money (subsistence is often the primary motivation for farming, however).
47
Q

How did colonialism slow development? what kind of factor is it?

A

Historical.
Most resources taken.
Left behind little-to-no industry/education/skills.

48
Q

How do natural disasters slow development? what kind of factor is it?

A

Geo-environmental.
Buildings destroyed — rebuilding costs money.
Businesses destroyed + workers killed.
If this is common, it will drain a lot of money, which will cause discouragement from rebuilding, which will impact education.

49
Q

How does gender inequality slow development? what kind of factor is it?

A

Socio-politico-economic.
Women’s skills are wasted.
Fewer workers — smaller GDP.
Higher crimes against ‘inferior’ women — they may be unable to refuse sex w/ a rapist/infected person/infected rapist/etc.
Higher infant mortality.
Higher STI rates — higher healthcare strain.

50
Q

How does lack of education slow development? what kind of factor is it?

A

Socio-politico-economic.
Lower pay levels.
Fewer skills — cannot move to developed countries for a better job.
Vicious cycle — parents cannot help children w/ education — they don’t understand.

51
Q

How does climate slow development? what kind of factor is it?

A

Geo-environmental.
Poor soil — cannot grow crops — starvation — poor workers — little money — small GDP.
Few resources — cannot export + trade — small GDP.
Tendency to have natural disasters.
Little rainfall — drought — cannot grow crops — small GDP.

52
Q

How does isolation slow development? what kind of factor is it?

A

Geo-environmental.
Less trade — smaller GDP.
Poor soil — fewer crops — starvation — little money.
General communication (incl. distress signals) may be poor.

53
Q

How do corruption, political instability and a weak government slow development? what kind of factor is it?

A

Socio-politico-economic.
Worse workers — disgruntled — riots + civil unrest.
Fewer public services — the existing ones are poor.
Poor reputation — less revenue from tourism — may have trade embargo(s).

54
Q

How does employment in primary industry slow development? what kind of factor is it?

A

Socio-politico-economic.
Fewer exports — less money — smaller GDP.
Few opportunities — no global affairs influence.

55
Q

Where is Kibera?

A

In Nairobi, the Kenyan capital.

56
Q

How many people live in Kibera?

A

~250,000.

57
Q

How big is Kibera?

A

2.5 square kilometres.

58
Q

How big are Kibera’s houses?

A

Usually about 12 x 12 feet:

59
Q

How many rooms are usually in a house in Kibera?

A

One.

60
Q

Where do Kiberans go to the toilet?

A

In communal latrines, which may be shared between fifty shacks.

61
Q

How many people often live in a house in Kibera?

A

Eight or more.

62
Q

Which materials are used for houses in Kibera? how expensive are they?

A

Cheap/free materials: mud walls, corrugated iron roof, dirt/concrete floor, etc.

63
Q

How common is clean water in Kibera?

A

Not very.

64
Q

How common is running water in Kibera?

A

Virtually non-existent.

65
Q

How common is refuse provision in Kibera?

A

Virtually non-existent.

66
Q

How common is sewage provision in Kibera?

A

Virtually non-existent.

67
Q

What are some examples of jobs in Kibera?

A

Prostitute.
Hairdresser.
Market vendor.

68
Q

How much money do Kiberans earn, on average?

A

Very little.

69
Q

Are there enough jobs in Kibera?

A

No — up to 50% of people are unemployed.

70
Q

What are some issues in Kibera?

A 
Very poor healthcare provision.
High HIV/AIDS rates.
Drugs.
Schooling is very poor.
High unemployment.
Sanitation.
71
Q

How common is primary education in Kibera? secondary?

A

There are a few primary schools, but most cost money; therefore, few children are actually in school.
Secondary education is very rare.

72
Q

Is school free in Kibera?

A

Usually not. Some charities’ schools are free, but they are rare.

Geography (3.3) (4 decks)

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