Human development Flashcards
Piaget
Erik Erikson
Vgotsky
“Pre-operational stage” of cognitive development
“Concrete operational stage” of cognitive development
Symbolic Thought
Zone of proximal development
Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
Scaffolding
Morality of constraint
During this stage, preschool children tend to think of actions as either always being right or always being wrong. Behavior is deemed right or wrong according to whether or not it results in punishment.
Kohlberg
developed stages of moral development that he believed were hierarchical
Selman
Pre-conventional thought
Preschool children are at this thought level. When they make their moral decisions, those decisions will be based on avoiding punishment and satisfying their own desires.
Conventional thought
focuses primarily on listening to others and doing what is helpful. The emphasis and desire is on being a good boy or girl. While this level is beyond that of the preschool child, Kohlberg suggests that because this is the next level, children should be exposed to moral thinking at this level in order to facilitate growth.
Post-conventional thought
Carol Gilligan
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Self-concept
or a child’s consistent perceptions about himself or herself
Parallel play
Associative play
Social play
Parten and the six categories of social play
unoccupied behavior, onlooker behavior, solitary play, parallel play, associative play, and cooperative play.
Socio-dramatic play
considered to be the most advanced form of social and symbolic play. Children engage in imitation, drama, and fantasy play together that often involves role-playing in which children imitate real-life people and experiences they have had themselves
Protective factors
Most widely accepted definition of “Resilience”
the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances”
Protective factors that promote resiliency
(a) proactive orientation; (b) self-regulation; (c) proactive parenting; (d) connections and attachments;(e) school achievement and involvement, IQ, and special talents; and (f) community.
Authoritative Parenting
children with parents who practice authoritative parenting demonstrate more resilience. Authoritative parents are responsive and have high, realistic expectations. They provide warm and loving support, a cognitively stimulating environment, and rational, consistent rules and behavioral expectations.
Fostering resiliency
- Parent training 2. Individual/group counseling 3. School intervention 4. Community interventions
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Conduct Disorder
ADHD
Positive Behavior Support (PBS)
Early Screening Project
Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)
cognitive-social learning counseling model
Behavior management
Behavior modification
Applied behavior analysis
neurophysiological
Prefrontal Cortex
brain center responsible for attention, working memory, behavioral monitoring and self-regulation, reasoning, information processing, goal-setting, and inhibition
Concrete operational thought
As children enter into this stage of thinking, the ability to operate or carry out an action can be done through thought as well as through behaviors.
Conservational skills
involves the child realizing that just because the shape or form of an object changes, that object doesn’t simply appear or disappear.
Computational skills
develop in the form of children understanding that numbers remain constant.
classification skills
develop as the child learns to classify in not only groups but subgroups as well.
Metacognition
equips children with the skills needed to practice self-monitoring or self-instruction techniques.
Meta-memory
Social self-concept
includes beliefs about one’s own self-desirability, self-efficacy, and social competence.
Selman’s Stages of Friendship and Levels of Perspective-Taking Skills
Stages 0-4.
Social anxiety in children
Gender typicality
a self-perceived sense of similarity to members of one’s own gender group; and is the most predictive correlate of adjustment and self-esteem in middle childhood
Gender contentment
is one’s satisfaction with his or her own gender.
The multifactorial gender theory
suggests that gender identity not only includes one’s identification with a chosen gender but also involves ones’ personal and public esteem of their gender, as well as the effect of gender stereotypes
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
three levels: preconventional reasoning, conventional reasoning, and postconventional reasoning. During “middle childhood”, moral development is somewhere between the preconventional and conventional reasoning stages.
preconventional reasoning,
children do not internalize moral values and their moral reasoning is controlled by rewards and punishment
conventional reasoning
is the middle stage of moral development. During this stage, children begin to abide by certain standards, but these standards are set by others around them
postconventional reasoning
Piaget’s stages of moral development
3 stages: premoral, heteronomous morality, and autonomous morality
heteronomous morality
children perceive justice and rules as unchangeable and beyond the control of people. See rules that are broken to result in immediate punishment tied to that rule.
autonomous morality
This stage is usually entered into around age 10, and children gain the ability to understand that rules and laws are created by people and consequences and are something to be considered along with the intentions of the person
Premoral
4 types of Parenting Styles
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and neglectful
choice theory
can be used as a preventative and remedial intervention for dealing with students who have repetitive behavioral issues in the school setting. When using Choice Theory during middle childhood, students began to see how their own choices and actions affect their behavioral outcomes in all aspects of life.
Reality therapy
Reality therapy techniques are incorporated to focus on changing the current behavior exhibited by the student so that his or her needs are met more effectively
