Human Dev, Diversity, and Behavior in social env Flashcards
Who developed lifespan development theory?
Erik Erikson
What are the 3 basic aspects of identity according to lifespan development theory?
Ego identity: personal continuity, integrating one’s most important, basic, and private beliefs about the self and how those aspects change or remain the same across time.
Personal identity: how one defines one’s values or goals to others.
Social identity: emphasis on the connection one has to a larger group.
What is the Identity Status Approach?
Jim Marcia’s application of Erikson’s lifespan development theory (especially personal identity). Focused on how an individual finds their role in society, how they explore and commit to various identity domains (like politics and religion). Key words: achievement (commitment with exploration), moratorium (exploring without committing), foreclosure (commitment without exploration), and diffusion (no exploration or commitment).
What is the Narrative Identity Approach?
Rooted in Erikson’s writings on ego identity. The emphasis is the need for an individual to find and establish a sense of personal continuity through time by managing and making sense of inevitable personal changes that occur across a lifespan. Will form a coherent story that explains how one has changed and remained the same. Key words: autobiographical reasoning (reflecting on past experiences and connecting to current understanding of self).
Identity development in infancy.
Understanding that one’s body is one’s own, recognition of self, early awareness of the body.
Identity development in childhood.
Understanding the body as separate from others and the ability to engage in increasingly autonomous behaviors. Opportunity to like and dislike activities and begin to develop self-concept, which addresses their likes, dislikes, skills, traits, and evaluation of abilities. Increases in complexity and coherence across childhood and may have potential conflict (with parents or friends).
Identity development in adolescence.
This is when individuals start to integrate the increasing multiple aspects of the self. Identity synthesis: when personal, ego, and social identities merge. Realization that childhood identifications are no longer useful, gain new cognitive skills to self explore, think more abstractly, new ways of thinking, renegotiation of friendships and relationships with parents.
Identity development in emerging adulthood.
Building on findings in adolescence, when a lot of the action happens. More self-focus, engaging in role experimentation, defining self as part of a larger society.
Identity development in adulthood.
With some events transforming identity (marriage, parenthood, job loss, illness, widowhood). Usually a deepening of one’s commitment, not a dramatic shift.
Identity development in older adulthood.
Maintaining self-efficacy, meaning-making, finding peace and integrity with who one is.
Systems Theory Overview
Views human behavior through larger contexts such as members of families, communities and broader society. When one thing changes in a system, everything is affected. Systems tend toward equilibrium and can have closed or open boundaries.
Systems theory term: closed system
uses up its energy and dies
Systems theory term: differentiation
becoming specialized in structure and function
Systems theory term: entropy
closed, disorganized, stagnant; using up available energy
Systems theory term: equifinality
arriving at the same end from different beginnings
Systems theory term: homeostasis
steady state
Systems theory term: input
obtaining resources from the environment that are necessary to attain the goals of the system
Systems theory term: negative entropy
exchange of energy and resources between systems that promote growth and transformation
Systems theory term: open system
a system with cross-boundary exchange
Systems theory term: output
a product of the system that exports to the environment
Systems theory term: subsystem
a major component of a system made up of two or more interdependent components that interact in order to attain their own purpose and the purpose of the system in which they are embedded
Systems theory term: suprasystem
an entity that is served by a number of component systems organized in interacting relationships
Systems theory term: throughput
energy that is integrated into the system so it can be used by the system to accomplish its goals
Systems theory - micro, macro, mezzo
need to understand interactions between these systems as problems in one part may impact another - ecomaps and genograms are helpful to understand this - as is understanding “person in environment” - problems and change are viewed within larger contexts
Family systems approach
in order to understand a family system, you must look at the family as a whole rather than focusing on its individual members
Family systems theory
searches for the causes of behavior, not in the individual alone, but in the interactions among the members of a group - basic rationale is that all parts of the family are interrelated
Family systems approach - basic assumptions
each family is unique, a healthy family has flexibility, consistent structure, and effective exchange of information - a family is an interactional system - shifting boundaries and varying degrees of resistance to change - families strive for a sense of balance of homeostasis -
Family systems: feedback loops
negative feedback loops are patterns of interaction that maintain stability or constancy while minimizing change, help maintain homeostasis - positive feedback loops are patterns of interaction that facilitate change or movement toward growth or dissolution
Family systems: equifinality
families are seen to being goal oriented - equifinality refers to the ability of the family system to accomplish the same goals through different routes
Family systems: subsystems
conflicts often occur when members or tasks associated with a subsystem become blurred with other subsystems (parentified child, child becoming involved in marital issues)
Family systems: boundaries
occurring at every level of the system and between subsystems - influence the movement of people and flow of information in and out of the system - open or closed boundaries
Family systems: interdependence
what one family member does influences other members
Genograms
diagrams of family relationships beyond a family tree - alcoholism, divorce, illness - all giving insight into current state of a family
