Human chapters Flashcards
What is a birth rate
The number of births per 1,000’people per year
What is a death rate
The number of deaths per 1,000 per year
What is migration
The movement of people from one place to another
What is emigration
The movement of people out of a country
What is immigration
The movement of people into a country
What is a natural increase
When in the population the birth rate is greater than the death rate
What is natural decrease
When in the population the death rate is greater than the birth rate
What is the population cycle
Also known as the demographic transition model
The changes in the population in the population cycle are influenced by the state of the country and its economy
Stage 1 - high fluctuating
Birth rate; high Death rate; high Natural increase; slow increase Reason for changes; undeveloped economy, wars, famines and disease E.g. Rainforest tribes
Stage 2 - early expanding
Birth rate; remains high Death rate; falls rapidly Natural increase; very rapid increase Reason for changes; better economy, improved medical care, water supply and sanitation E.g. Mali, Kenya, Nigeria
Stage 3 - late expanding
Birth rate; falls quickly Death rate; falls much slower Natural increase; increases but slowly Reason for changes; stronger economy, good health care, people live longer E.g. Venezuela, Brazil, Mexico
Stage 4 - low fluctuating
Birth rate; low Death rate; low Natural increase; very slow Reason for changes; developed economy, later marriage, low birth rate, more women working outside the home E.g. USA, Ireland, Italy, Sweden
Stage 5 - senile stage
Birth rate; very low Death rate; low Natural increase; possible decrease Reason for changes; developed economy, birth rate lower than death rate, population may fall slightly E.g. Germany
How does food affect population change
- good food leads to healthy population
- famine leads to population decline e.g. Ireland 1m died 1m emigrated population
Fell from 8m to 6 1/2 m between 1845-51 - Brazil made new technology to increase the amount of food supply e.g population grew from 72m - 100m
How does health affect population change
- better medical care and supplies
- longer lives
- Ireland improved housing better medical care and new drugs reduced deaths caused by TB from about 147 per 100,000 in the 1940s to 24 per 100,000 people in the late 1950s
- Germany did the same
- Brazil child mortality high in 1980s because of infectious diseases caused by poor sanitary conditions. Improved public health, vaccinations, increased prosperity have reduced the child mortality rate
How does technology affect population change
- improved farm machinery
- new fertilisers and pesticides
How does war affect population change
- 20th century Germany had 2 wars reducing its population greatly the population fell from 67m to 62m
Since young men were killed marriage rate was slower
How does education affect population change
- better school systems
- more skilled workforces
- attracts industry
- encourages migrants to work for both countries
What is the pessimistic view
That there will be a world population explosion and a rapid increase in population using up the earths resources
What is the optimistic view
Population growth will slow down as countries become developed therefore more resources Smaller families Food supply increase New technology intensive and productive farming
What is a census
A population count to get information on the population structure Providing Age Education Sex Religion Accommodation
What are population pyramids
Population pyramid shows the age and sex structure of a country
What are the uses of population pyramids
- Compare the stage of economic development
- compare dependent sector ( under 15 over 65) with working sector (economically active 15-65)
- death,birth rate and natural in/decrease
- plan for building schools and hospitals and nursing homes
- Local population structure to plan for future needs
How to compare pyramids
- Germany a developed countries pyramid would be even
* Brazil a developing countries pyramid would be wide at the base and thin at the top
What does Ireland’s population pyramids say
Evenly shaped
High % of working population, support The dependent
Women have a longer life expectancy
Case study : west of Ireland population density over time
1) pre-famine - rising population: rose before the great famine and densely populated with early marriage
2) famine - declining population: crop failed, starvation and disease, emigration
3) after the famine - gradual decline in population: later marriages, less crop, emigration continued
4) economy improves - increase: 1960-70s multinational corporations, more jobs
What is population density.
The average number of people per squares kilometre
What is population distribution
The location and spread of where people live, describing where the population is dense and sparse
Migration
The movement of people to line and work in another place
pull factors
Better and more jobs
More services
Better education system
Better lifestyle
Push factors
Unemployment
War and famine
Lack of services
Racial persecution
Barriers to migration
Immigration law
Cost of travel
Family
Fear of the Unknown
Intranational migration is …
The migration from one area of a country to a different area in the same country
Stone Age
Hunter gathers
Nomadic lifestyle
First farmers
Permanent settlement
Bronze Age
More farming
Fulachtaí fia, standing stones
Iron Age
Farming
Ringforts, Crannógs,mill and promontory forts
Christianity
Monasteries and round towers
Monastic settlements
Monasteries
E.g. Clonmacnoise
Abbeys, friaries
E.g. Fermoy, Co. Cork
Vikings in Ireland
Longboats into the bay’s
Ports such as Dublin, Waterford and Cork
Norman’s I’m Ireland
Motte and Bailey castles
Stone castles
E.g. Trim castle and town, Kilkenny, athenry
Plantation towns
Towns were Built during this time
Ulster and Munster
Wide streets and square markets in the centre
E.g. Omagh Co. Tyrone
Landlord towns
18th century landlord built the towns
E.g. Abbeyleix, Co. Laoise
E.g. Of linear pattern, clustered pattern and decentralisation in Dublin
Linear - portlaoise
Clustered - around the city e.g. Leixlip
Decentralisation - failed to stop the growth of Dublin this was moving departments to other city’s, and towns
Altitude and relief
Altitude refers to the height above sea level, while relief refers to the shape of the landscape
E.g. Wicklow mountains
Drainage patterns/rivers
Towns were built on dry-point sites
Some towns were built at the lowest crossing point of the river e.g. Cork and Dublin
Land quality
Poor land quality, whether marshy, boggy or stripped of soil, does not encourage settlement
E.g. Towns in the golden vale in Munster
Polder
Land reclaimed from the sea
Rural settlement
A road system was developed
A linear pattern of statelet
Farmhouse were clustered together
Urban settlement
A circular pattern of towns were developed
Overspill towns
We’re needed to limit any built up development to the randstad and to maintain a green hearts
Nodal centre
A city or town where roads meet
