Human change over time Flashcards
Classification of humans
Where do humans sit under the classification of phylum
Vertebrates or invertebrates
Vertebrates, since we have a backbone
Classification of humans
Class- What are the characteristics of Mammalia (mammals)
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- Mammary glands
- teeth
- hair or fur on our surface
- three bones in the ear
Classification of humans
Order- What are the characteristics of primates
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- hand features; five digits with opposable thumb, nails instead of claws.
- Eye featues; forawrd facing eyes, 3D vision, colour vision
- Live in social groups
- Large brain compared to size of body
- Long gestation period
Classification of humans
Superfamily- What includes Hominoidea (hominoids)
Great and lesser apes, humans, chimps, gorilla, siamanga etc
Note compared to monkeys apes have no tails!!!
Classification of humans
Family- What includes Hominidae
Homininae
- Includes great apes (humans, chimps etc)
- Only humans and chimpanzees
Classification of humans
Tribe- What includes Hominini (hominins)
Just humans, note bipedal (Wall on two legs upright)
Homini evolution (Found in Africa)
Morphological changes that occurred from the evolution of our hominin ancestors to homo sapiens
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- 👩(tanielle)
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- Enlargement of cranial and brain size
- Flattening of the face
- Loss of brow ridges
- Lesser prominence of the jaw, and smaller jaw
- smaller teeth
Homini evolution
Australopithecus and paranthropus (ancestor of humans - box-like jaw) Fossil evidence shows that -👴👭👭👭👭👭 -🌱 -☘☘ -🦵
- Males were bigger than females, therefore coupling was polamorous (one male, many females)
- The size of zygomatic arch in parathropus is enormous (temporalis and masseter muscles-for chewing are large), In australopithecus its large but not as large.
- Ribcage and pelvic wideness of Australopithecus arre rather large
- Australopithecus had a lower upper limb length to lower limb length ratio than chimps but higher than homo sapiens
Homini evolution
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Australopithecus and paranthropus
Characteristics
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for each
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Australopithecus
- smaller brain size
- no sagittal crest on forehead
- large molars
paranthropus
- slightly larger brain size
- sagittal crest on forehead
- huge molars
Homini evolution
When did the genus homo thought to arisen
2.4 million years ago
Homo
List distinguishing features
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- significantly higher cranial capacity(brain size) relative to body mass
- smaller teeth
- shortening of the face
Hominin evolution
Main features of fossil evidence that shows that the animal walked upright
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- Position of foramen magnum
- Tibia (shinbone)- angled to femur
- pelvis shorter and wider
- fossilised footprints
- absence of prehensile toe (like opposable thumb)
Homo
Morphological differences between H. erectus and H. sapiens
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- (eyebrows)
- H. sapiens had a larger cranial capacity and a more rounded skull
- H. sapiens had smaller teeth
- H. sapiens had a vertical forehead whereas H.erectus had a sloping forehead
- H.erectus had a more prominent bow ridge
Homo
Why isnt H.neanderthalensis our ancestor?
They coexisted with H.sapiens
Homo
Bipedalism (moves with two feet)
What are the selective advantages
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- The hands are free for other uses
- Eye level is raised (can look out for predators)
