Human Body Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What structures are part of the G.I. tract?
A
Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus stomach, small and large intestine, rectum and anus
2
Q
What are the accessory organs of digestion?
A
Salivary, glands, teeth, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
3
Q
What is digestion?
A
The process by which food is broken down into smaller particles, suitable for absorption
4
Q
What is absorption?
A
The process, whereby the end products of digestion move across the walls of the digestive track into the blood and lymph for distribution throughout the body
5
Q
What is mechanical digestion?
A
The breakdown of large food particles into smaller pieces by physical means (chewing)
6
Q
What is chemical digestion?
A
The chemical alteration of food
7
Q
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
A
To break down our digestive food into particles that are small and simple enough to be absorbed
8
Q
What are the four layers of the digestive track?
A
- Mucosa.
- Sub mucosa.
- Muscle Layer
- Serosa.
9
Q
What is the mucosal layer of the digestive tract?
A
- Innermost layer
- Consists of mucus membrane, some connective tissue and smooth muscle
- Folded to increase surface area for absorption
- Glands secrete, mucus digestive enzymes, and hormones
- Concern with digestion and absorption
10
Q
What is the submucosa layer?
A
-Thick layer of loose connective tissue
-lies beneath the mucosa
-Contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and lymphatic vessels
11
Q
What is the muscle layer?
A
-Responsible for various movements in the digestive tract
-Alternate contraction and relaxation of stomach muscles, digest food mechanically, and mix the particles with digestive juices (segmentation)
-Peristalsis: squeeze the food from behind and push it forward
-Responsible for swallowing and defaecation
12
Q
What is the serosa layer?
A
-Outermost lining
-Extensas paratonia membranes, mass century mesocolon, omentum, large flat fold is structures that perform important functions
13
Q
What do the paratonia membranes in the serosa layer of the digestive track help do?
A
Help anchor of the digestive organs in place. They carry blood vessels, lymph us cells and nerves to the abdominal organs and help restrict the spread of infection in the abdominal cavity.
14
Q
Describe the structure and function of the mouth
A
This is where the digestive tract begins. Food is ingested into the mouth, which is lined with mucous membranes and contain structures that assist in the digestive process.
15
Q
Describe the structure and the function of the teeth
A
-To chew food and begin mechanical digestion
-Breaks down large pieces of food to smaller ones and moistens the secretions in the mouth of
16
Q
What are the three parts of a tooth?
A
The crown, the neck and the root
17
Q
Describe the structure in the function of the tongue
A
Muscular organ that occupies floor of the mouth
- Facilitates, chewing, and swallowing by repositioning food in the mouth
-The tongue pushes the food which is moulded into a ball like mass towards the pharynx
-Contains taste buds, which allow you to taste food
18
Q
Describe the structure and the function of the salivary glands
A
-Three pairs secrete their contents into the mouth
19
Q
What are the three pairs of salivary glands?
A
-The parotid
-Submandibular
-Sub lingual glands
20
Q
What is the function of the parotid gland?
A
-Largest glands
- Can get infected by mumps
-Lie below and anterior to the ears
21
Q
What are the submandibular glands?
A
-located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue
-Smallest of the glands
-Exocrine glands that secrete saliva
-Contains saliva
22
Q
What is saliva?
A
-Watery fluid that contains mucus and a digestive enzyme
-Reaches the most by way of tiny ducts
-Soften, and moisten food
23
Q
Describe the structure and the function of the hard and soft palates
A
-These form the roof of the mouth
- Anterior hard palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal passages
-The posterior soft palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal pharynx
24
Q
What is the function of the uvula?
A
- Prevents food and water from entering the nasal passages during the active swallowing
25
What are the palatine tonsils?
Masses of lymphatic tissue, located along the sides of the posterior oral cavity
26
Describe the structure and function of the pharynx
Contains three parts
1. Nasopharynx.
2. Oropharynx.
3. Laryngopharynx.
- involved in swallowing
27
What is the act of swallowing?
Directs food from the pharynx into the esophagus, a long tube that empties into the stomach
28
Describe the structure and function of the stomach
- A pouch like Oregon, that lives in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity
-Receives food from the oesophagus
-Performs five important functions
29
What are the five important digestive functions from the stomach?
1. Regulates the rate partially digested food is delivered to the small intestine.
2. Secretes gastric juice, which includes digestive enzymes hydrochloric acid an intrinsic factor.
3. Digest food. Mostly through mechanical digestion.
4. Absorbs, small amounts of water and dissolved substances.
5. Secretes, gastric, hormones.
30
What are the regions of the stomach?
- Fundus
- The body
- The pylorus
31
What are the two functions of the pyloric sphincter?
1. Remains closed mostly so it holds the food in the stomach long enough to allow the stomach to mix and match its contents into a paste.
2. Helps regulate the rate at which the gastric contents are delivered to the small intestine.
32
What are the muscles of the stomac?
1. Longitudinal
2. Oblique.
3. Circular.
- Allows for the stomach to create chyme
- Squeeze food towards the pylorus
33
What glands do the mucus membranes in the stomach have?
- Exocrine
- Neuroendocrine
34
The exocrine glands contain three types of secretory cells. What are they?
1. Mucus cells that secrete mucus.
2. Chief cells that secrete digestive enzymes.
3. Perinatal cells, which secrete HCI and intrinsic factor in.
35
Describe the function and structure of the small intestine
- acidic chyme ejected into the small intestine
- About 20 feet in length
- Performs three functions
36
What are the three functions of the small intestine?
1. Receives chyme and digestive juices. The process of digestion is completed in the small intestine.
2. Absorbs the end products of digestion and key substances such as iron vitamins.
3. Moves on, absorb content into the large intestine.
37
What are the three parts of the small intestine
1. Dow - duodenim.
2. Jones - jejunum
3. Industrials - ileum
38
What is the duodenum
- First segment of the small intestine
- Length is 10 inches
- Meeting point for digestion, because it receives chyme and secretions, which are responsible for the digestion of all food
Most digestion and absorption occur in the duodenum, and first third of the jejunum
39
What is the jejunum?
The second segment of the small intestine
Approximately 8 feet long
Digestion and absorption of food occur in the first third of the jejunum
40
What is the ileum?
Third segment of small intestine
- approx12 feet
- Complete the process of absorption and digestive and products, vitamin B12, and bile salts
- Participates in immune response to heavy bacterial loads
- Slows gut motility
41
Describe the structure and function of the large intestine
- 5 feet long
- Extends from the ileocecal sphincter to the anus
42
What is included in the large intestine?
- The Cecum
- colon
- Rectum
- Anal canal
43
What is the first part of the large intestine
The cecum, appendix is attached - can die if it ruptured
44
What are the functions of the large intestine?
1. Absorption of water and electrolytes.
2. Synthesis of certain vitamins by the intestinal bacteria.
3. Temporary storage sites of waste.
4. Illumination of waste from the body.
45
What organs empty their secretions into the duodenum
- Liver
- Gallblader
- Pancreas
46
What does the liver do?
- synthesis of bile salts and secretion of bile
- Synthesis of plasma proteins
- Storage
- Detoxification
- Excretion
- metabolism of carbohydrates
- metabolism of protein
- metabolism of fats
- Phagocytosis
47
What do bile salts play an important role in?
Fat digestion and absorption of fat soluble vitamins
48
What does a plasma proteins play an important role in?
Maintaining blood volume and controlling blood coagulation
49
What does the liver store?
Bilirubin cholesterol and drugs
50
How does the liver play in important role in the regulation of blood glucose levels
Deliver removes excess glue close from the blood and converts it into glycogen and stores it for a future let use or releases glucose into the blood
51
What is bile?
A greenish yellow secretion produced by the liver
Is composed, mainly of water, electrolytes cholesterol bile, pigments, and bile salts
Play an important role in fat digestion and absorption of fat soluble vitamins
52
What is the gallbladder?
Pear-shaped sack
It concentrates in stores bile
53
What does the pancreas secrete?
Endo, Crine, and exocrine substances
54
What are the two main function of the pancreas?
1. Exocrine function: produces substances that help with digestion
2. Endocrine function: Senzo, hormones that control the amount of sugar in your bloodstream.
55
What is the function of bones?
Bones of the skeletal system are arranged to provide a framework for our bodies, giving us our basic shape
56
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
- The bones of the lower extremity support the weight of the body
- Bone support and protect soft body organs
- Enable somebody to move
- Phone store minerals calcium phosphorous
- Play a role in the regulation of plasma calcium
- Red bone marrow produces blood cells
57
Where are long bones found?
- Arms, forearms, palms, fingers, thighs, legs, instep, femur, humourous
- Metacarpals and finger bones are small bones that are considered long bones
58
Where are short bones found and What are they shaped like?
Shape like cubes and found mainly in the wrists and ankles
59
What do flat bones look like and where are they found?
Thin, flat and curved, they form the ribs breast, bone, cranium, and bones of the shoulder girdle
60
Where are irregular bones found?
Hip bones vertebrae in various bones in the skull
61
Describe bone tissue and bone formation
-The process of bone formation is called ossification
-bone cells called osteoblasts, secretin intercellular matrix containing calcium other minerals and protein fibres
- The osteoblasts mature into osteocytes to sit with in the hard bone matrix and maintain the bone
62
What is another name for bone?
Osseous tissue
63
What are compact bones?
-Dense hard bone tissue found in shafts of long bones and on outer surfaces of other bones
-tightly packed
- Provides great strength
64
What are spongy bones?
-Located at the ends of long bones in in the centre of other bones
-Less dense than compact bones
65
What do protein fibres for bones provide?
Alaska city and the minerals make bone tissue, hard and strong
66
What do the haversian systems in contact phones that run parallel to each other do
They connect with blood vessels and periosteal lining. The blood vessels, ensure of the bone tissue receives adequate supply of oxygen and nutrient rich blood.
67
How was spongy bone tissue arranged
And plates called Trabeculae, they are separated by holes that gives spongy bone punched out Swiss cheese appearance
68
Why are the holes in spongy bone important?
1. They decrease the way of bone.
2. They contain red bone marrow that supplies, the spongy bone with blood and produces blood cells for the body
69
What is the diaphysis and what is it composed of?
The long shaft of the bone
Composed, mainly of compact bone and provide strength
70
What is the epiphysis
Enlarge ends of long bones they meet with a Second bone out of joint and consists of a thin layer of compact bone, overlying, spongy bone, and are covered by Cartlidge
71
What is epiphyseal disc
A band of Cartlidge. it is where longitudinal bone growth occurs
72
What is the medullary cavity?
Hollow centre of the diaphysis
- In infancy is filled with red bone marrow
- In adult it is filled with yellow bone marrow and functions as a storage site for fat
73
What is a Periosteum
A tough fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the diaphysis
- Protects the bone
- Serves as a point of attachment for muscle
- Contains the blood vessels and nerves the underlying bone
74
What is the process of ossification?
It begins with the formation of fibrous connective, tissue and hyaline cartilage that is shaped like a mini skeleton. As a foetus matures, the cartilage and connective tissue change into bone a process called ossification. This occurs through intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
75
What is a joint?
A meeting site between two bones, between a bone and cartilage between a bone and teeth
76
What is the function of joints?
They hold bones together and provide flexibility
77
What are the classifications of joints in regard to movement
- Immovable
- Slightly moveable
- Freely, moveable
78
What are the classifications of joints according to the type of tissue?
- fibrous
- Cartilagineus
- Synovial
(Binds the bones at the joint)
79
What is an immovable joint?
Permit no movement
- Skull is an example
80
What is a slightly moveable joint?
- Permits limited movement
- Usually achieve by bones connected by a cartilaginous disc
81
What are freely moveable joints?
Provide much more flexibility and movement, then the other two types of joints
- Most of the joints of the skeletal system or freely moveable
- Also known as synovial joints
82
What structures do typical synovial joints have
- articular Cartlidge
- Joint capsule
- Synovial fluid
- bursae
- supporting ligaments and menisci
83
What does the articular Cartlidge do?
Reduces friction and exerts a cushioning affect with an a joint
84
What is the purpose of the joint capsule?
Encloses the joint in a strong sleeve like covering
85
What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
Nourishes and lubricate the inner joint surfaces in the joint cavity
86
What are bursae?
Small sacs of synovial fluid that serve to reduce friction
87
What do synovial joints contain many of
Nerve endings are supply the articular capsule
88
What is a hinge joint and what does it do?
Allows movement similar to the movement of two boards joined together by hinge
- Allows movement in one direction
- Includes elbows, knees, and fingers
89
Describe what a ball and socket joint is in the function
- Formed when the ball shaped end of one bone fits into the cup shaped socket of another bone
- Allows the bones to move in many directions around a central point
- the shoulder and hip joints are ball and socket joints
90
What is a pivot joint?
Allows for rotation around the length of a joint for example, side to side movement
91
When is a saddle joint formed
When the surfaces of both articulating bones are saddle shaped
92
When is a gliding joint formed and what does it allow
By the interaction of the flies surfaces of the articulating bones
- It allows for a limited, but complex gliding movement
- wrist ankle and vertebral column
93
When is the condyloid joint formed?
When the oval articular surface of one bone fits into the overall depression of the second articulating bone
-Wrist and knuckles
94
What type of joint is the knee?
- freely, moveable hinge joint
95
What is flexion
The bending of a joint that decreases the angle between the bones
96
What is extension?
The straightening of a joint so that the angle between the bones increases
97
What is plantar flexion?
This is bending the foot down as in toe dancing
98
What is dorsiflexion?
Bending the foot up toward the leg
99
What is hyper extension?
Overextending the joint beyond its normal street and position
100
What is abduction?
Movement away from the midline of the body
101
What is adduction?
Movement toward the midline of the body
102
What is inversion?
Turning the sole of the foot inword, so that it faces opposite foot
103
What is eversion
Turning the sole of the foot outward
104
What is supination?
Turning the hand so that the palm faces upward
105
What is pronation?
Turning the hand so that the palm faces downward
106
What is circumduction?
The combination of movement that a softball pitcher makes while pitching the ball
107
What happens to bones as you age?
-Bones are less strong and more brittle
-bones fracture more easily
-Bones healed, poorly and slowly
-Decrease in new bone growth and in bone mass
- Increasing the susceptibility to osteoporosis
-Tendons and ligaments are less flexible
-Joints have a decreased range of motion
-Joint stiffness
- The intervertebral discs shrink which causes loss of bone mass body height decrease and a thoracic spine curves
108
What happens to the digestive system as you age?
- constipation
- Decrease digestion
-Impaired ability of vitamins and minerals to be absorbed
-Taste and smell sensations diminish
- Early feelings of fulness
- Weakene gag reflex
- Liver shrinks, causing a smaller supply of blood
- The rate of drug detoxification by the liver declines
109
What are the functions of muscles?
- enable body to move
- Propel body Content, such as air, blood and food to move
- maintain stability of joints which contributes to the flexibility of the skeletal system
- Muscle contractions generate heat
- Contributed significantly to body temperature
- Muscles contribute to the ability to communicator speaking writing, facial expressions, and other nonverbal means
110
What is the appearance and location of skeletal muscle?
It has a cellular appearance, and it is overlying the skeleton
111
What is skeletal muscle?
Generally attach a bone can be controlled by choice
- Long shaped like cylinders are tubes and compose of proteins. Arrange to make the muscle appear striped or striated.
112
What do skeletal muscles produce?
Movement maintain body posture and stabilize joints. They also produce heat, so they help maintain body temperature.
113
Where is smooth muscle found
In the walls of viscera, such as a stomach and then the breathing passages and blood vessels, they function automatically, and they are non-striated
114
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle contraction?
Slower and continues for a longer period. This allows for a continuous partial contraction of smooth muscle called smooth, muscle tone. Smooth muscle has a greater degree of stretchiness which allows organs to expand to store their contents, temporary early
115
Where is cardiac muscle found and what is its function?
Only in the heart and its function is to pump blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle cells are long, branching cells are fit together tightly at junctions the junctions, promote rapid conduction of electrical signals throughout the heart. Cardiac muscle is classified as striated and involuntary muscle.
116
How do muscles contract?
When muscles contract, they shorten because the sarcomere Lanks shortens, because the thin and thick filaments slide past each other
117
What happens to muscles as you age?
Muscle fibers, decrease muscles, become smaller, dehydrated, and weaker
- 50% of muscle mass is lost
- Mitochondrial function decreases
- Motor neurons lost resulting in massage your feet
- Decrease muscle strength and slowing of muscle reflexes
118
What does smooth muscle help with?
Helps organize perform their functions
- Contraction of the stomach to make solid food into a paste
119
What controls muscle contraction?
The central nervous system
120
With muscle contraction what muscle muscle be stimulated by
Muscle must be stimulated by a nerve motor or somatic nerve comes from the spinal cord and supplies. Nerve stimulation.
121
What are whole muscles?
- organizing to bundles called fascicles
122
What are fascicles
Bundles of muscle fibres
123
What does muscle contraction require?
- calcium (stored)
- ATP (provides energy)
124
What is atrophy?
When muscles waste away or decrease in size
125
What are twitches
Muscle contracts and relaxes
126
What are spasms?
Sudden, violent, involuntary muscle contraction
127
What is tetanus
Continuous muscle stimulation no time to relax allow us to stand upright and control urine the sprinter needs to be contracted.
128
What is hyper trophy?
Overuse of muscles
129
What is a contracture?
When the muscle is immobilizer will shrink and cause an abnormal formation of fibrous tissue
- It freezes the muscle in a flex position and restricts joint mobility 
130
What is arthritis?
Inflammation of the joint the two most common are Osteoarthritis degenerative and rheumatoid arthritis
131
What is fibromyalgia?
Syndrome, characterized by pain in the muscles, tendons and soft tissues. Penis felt starting in the joints, although the joints are not affected.
132
What are fractures?
Broken bones I can be open close, stable or unstable or occurred due to a pathologic fracture caused by another disease
133
What are the three functions of blood?
Transport regulation, and protection
134
What is blood transport?
Blood transports substances around the body. It delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell, but also picks up waste material from cells and deliver it to the waste Organs that eliminated from the body.
135
What is blood regulation?
Blood participates in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte, balance acid, base balance, and body temperature
136
What is blood role in protection?
Helps protect the body from infection, and contains clotting factors which help protect the body from excessive blood loss
137
What is blood?
A type of connective tissue that contains blood cells disperse with an a liquid intercellular matrix
138
What are the two parts of blood?
Plasma and the formed elements
139
What is plasma?
A pale, yellow fluid, composed, mostly of water. It also contains proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, and wastes.
140
What does plasma proteins consist of?
Albumin, clotting factors, antibodies, and complement proteins. They help regulate fluid volume, protect the body from pathogens and prevent excessive blood loss.
141
What do red blood cells do?
They are primarily involved in the transport of O2 to all body tissues
142
What do white blood cells do?
Protect the body from infection
143
What are platelets?
Protect the body from bleeding
144
How is blood classified?
According to the specific antigens on the surface of the RBC
145
What is an antigen?
A substance that the body recognizes as foreign
146
What are the four blood types?
A, B, AB, O
147
What antigens do people with the specific blood types have?
A person with type a blood has a antigen on the RBC
A person with a B blood type has a B antigen on the RBC
A person with the type AB blood has both a and b antigens on the RBC
A person with O type blood has neither a nor be antigens on the RBC
148
What happens to your blood as you age
- Red bone marrow decreases
- Takes longer to form new blood cells
- Longer to recover from bleeding episodes
- White blood cells response to infection more slowly
149
Role of red and white blood cells
- most numerous of blood cells
- Filled with haemoglobin
-Transports, oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Allows molecule to bind with iron ions. Each iron will carry oxygen world globe and carries carbon dioxide.
- Life span of RBC is about 120 days
150
White blood cells
- White in colour
- Removes toxic waste of normal and damage cells
- Phagocytosis
151
 What is the role of neutrophils?
Performs phagotycysis in an infected tissue
152
What is the role of basophils
Play a role in inflammatory response by releasing histamine
153
What is eosinophils part of?
Part of the inflammation they become elevated with allergic responses
154
What are lymphocytes
Producing bone marrow, and they may migrate to lymphoid tissue. To mature they played a major role in immunity.
155
What are monocytes
Phagocytic; some travel throughout body and phagocytosis for materials, some remaining tissue areas
156
What are thrombocytes
Tiny cell fragments produced in the red bone marrow. Their primary role is hemostasis.
157
How does blood clot?
Blood vessel, spasm, formation of platelet plug, formation of blood clot
158
What is anemia?
A deficiency of red blood cells caused by a number of factors. There are different types based on causative factors
- All result in lack of oxygen getting to the cells
159
What is leukemia?
There are different types based on how quickly it develops, and where cells are produced
160
What is thrombocytopenia?
Low levels of platelets or thrombocytes in the blood. This increases the risk of excessive bleeding.
161
What is the function of the heart?
The heart pumps blood through blood vessels, which supplies cells with oxygen and nutrients, and carries away the waste products of metabolism
162
Where is the heart located?
Located within the media, cinnamon lies toward the left side of the body. The heart is supported by sling, like structure, called the pericardium.
163
What are the layers of the heart?
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Pericardium
164
What is endocardium?
Hearts, innermost layer airlines valves and continues with the blood vessels are enter and leave the heart. It’s smooth shiny surface allows blood to flow over and easily.
165
What is the myocardium?
Most important, the middle and thickest of the three layers the myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle, which contracts as it pumps through the blood vessels myocardial fibres are striated and interconnected in a way that encourages the rapid spread of electrical signal over the myocardium in a well coordinated and forceful muscle contraction
166
What is a epicardium?
The thin outer most layer, it also helps to form the pericardium
167
What is the pericardium?
It attaches to surrounding structures and has three layers
168
What are the four chambers of the heart
To atria and to ventricle
The atria receives the blood and the ventricles pump the blood
169
What is the right atrium?
Receives unoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava
170
What is the right ventricle?
Receives unoxygenated blood from the right atrium. Its primary function is to pump blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.
171
What is the left atrium?
I receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins
172
What is the left ventricle?
Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium. The primary function is to pump blood into the systemic circulation. Blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta.
173
What is the purpose of heart valves?
To keep blood flowing in a forward direction
174
What are the two atrioventricular valves?
Tri cuspid valve/right heart, and the mitral valve/left heart
175
What are the two semilunar valves?
The pulmonic valve/right heart, and the aortic valve/left heart
176
What what is the order of blood flow through the heart
Superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium to the tricuspid valve to the right, ventricle to the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery to the lungs to the left atrium to the left ventricle to the aorta to the rest of the body
177
What is cardiac conduction?
An electrical signal that causes a heart to contract both atria must contract at the same time as well as both ventricles
178
What does cardiac conduction consist of?
The SA node, which is pacemaker cells, which sets heart rate
The AV node, where impulse slows here spreads across heart, bundle of His to Purkinje fibres
179
What happens to the heart as you age?
Heart react slower, so sudden movement and changes made causes dizziness and loss of balance
Blood pressure increase
Valves, muscle and pacemaker decline 
180
What is the structure and the function of an artery?
Carry blood away from the heart the smallest arteries are the arterioles
181
What is the structure on the function of the capillaries?
The smallest and most numerous of the blood fossils there is a capillary close to every cell in the body
182
What is the structure and function of the veins?
Carry blood from the cells back to the heart small veins are called venules
183
What happens to your blood vessels as you age?
Circulatory system affected the most by age
Walls of the arteries, chicken, and become less elastic, which increases blood pressure
Prone to develop varicose veins
Prone to develop thrombus
184
What is a pulse?
Due to the alternating expansion and recoil of the artery, creating a pressure wave
The pulse is caused by the pumping of the heart
185
Where are the pulse sites?
Pulse Felton, an artery Line, close to the surface of the body
Radial pulse is it in the wrist
External maxillary
Superficial temporal
Carotid
Ulnar
Radial
Femoral
Popliteal
Dorsalis pedis
Posterior tibial
186
What affects pulse rate? 
Age
Medical conditions
Medication
Diet
Fitness level
Body position temperature
187
What is the function and structure of the pulmonary and and systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs it transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart.
Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body
188
Common disorders of the blood vessels
Aneurism
Arteriosclerosis - hardening arterial walls equals high blood pressure
Atherosclerosis
189
What is the purpose function and structure of the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic vessels, absorb fluid and protect from tissue spaces and return it to the blood
Specialize lymphatic vessels play in important role in the intestinal absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins
Lymphatic tissue helps the body to defend itself against disease 
190
What are the three types of muscles found in the body
Smooth, skeletal and cardiac
191
What are the functions of muscles?
- Muscle contraction generates heat to maintain body temperature
- Muscles produce movement by pulling on underlying bones and also propel body contents like food and blood to move
- Muscles, maintain stability of joints, contributing to flexibility of the skeletal system
- Muscles contribute to the ability to communicate through speaking writing, facial expressions and other nonverbal cues
192
What are smooth muscles described as
Involuntary and non-striated
193
How does skeletal muscles move?
By choice meaning they are voluntary muscle in the muscle cells are long shaped like cylinders/tubes and composed of proteins. Areanged in striped called striated
194
What do cardiac muscles have?
Tight fitting junctions called intercalated discs that promote the rapid conduction of electrical impulses throughout the heart
195
What are the three tough connective tissue layers that surround the skeletal muscle to provide strength and support
Outer layer - epimysium
Perumysium- surround smaller bundles of muscle fibres
Endomysium- surrounds individual muscle fibres
196
What are isometric contractions?
Muscle contractions that never change and length
197
How does the muscle tone maintain a normal continuous state of partial contraction?
Caused by different groups of muscle fibres within a whole muscle
One group of muscles contract first, and when they relax the second group of muscle contracts
This pattern of contraction and relaxation continues to maintain muscle tone
198
Three ways muscle form attachment, other structures
- The tendons attaches a muscle to the bone
- Muscles attached directly to bone or soft tissue
- A flat sheet like Fascia (aponeurosis) connects muscle to muscle or muscle to bone
199
What are the two important component stop play a role in muscle contraction
Calcium and ATP (adenosine triphosate)
200
Name the two points of skeletal muscle is attached to bones, and indicate which is moveable and which is immovable
Origin is immovable
Insertion is moveable
201
Name the seven characteristics, skeletal muscles are named according to
1. Size
2. Shape.
3. Orientation to fibers.
4. Location.
5. Number of origins.
6. Origin and insertion.
7. Muscle action.
202
The vastus lateralis muscle in the quadricep femur according to his shape name Vastis is considered
Huge and lateral
203
Direct us abdominous muscle, according to its orientation to fibres name, rectus means what
Straight muscle
204
What does the sartorius muscle allow you to do?
Sit in crossed legs position
205
What does the trapezius muscle allow you to do?
Shrug your shoulders
206
What are the two muscles responsible for breathing?
Intercostal muscle, and diaphragm
207
What is hypertrophy?
Muscles that increase in size due to overuse
208
What does atrophy
Muscles that decrease in size from under use or not use
